فصلنامه نظریه های کاربردی اقتصاد
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 18، پاییز 1397)

Energy as a consumer input is of particular importance in all sectors of the economy. This study aims to investigating the factors affecting on energy consumption in different sectors of the economy of the country (industry, mining, services and agriculture) using combined data during 1986-2016. To achieve this goal were used of panel cointegration analysis and to estimate short and long-run relationships from Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) and Integrated Mean Groups (MG) test, respectively. The long-run estimation of the model states that there is a significant and positive relationship between capital and gross domestic product with energy consumption and a non-significant relationship between labor force and energy consumption. Also, the short-run relationship between all variables in the model was confirmed. The other results of the research showed that the elasticity of energy consumption in the economic sectors is positive and significant to labor force, capital and GDP in agriculture, industry and mining and services sectors.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect economic growth to income inequality, both in linear and non-linear specification.
Autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) approach has been used co-integration method for long run relationships and error correction model (ECM) for short run behavior. The paper has used annual time series data over the period of 1978 up to 2016.
Empirically, our baseline estimation and sensitivity analyzes have indicated the inequality is negatively and significantly, associated with economic growth in long run. Our finding is contrast to the Kuznets inverted- U and support for the existence of Kuznets U as well as S- shaped curve in Iran. This paper opens up new direction for policy-making authorities to equalize income distribution and understanding the economic situation in the development process. This paper makes a unique contribution to the literature with reference to Iran, being a pioneer attempt that employs ARDL co-integration approach.

This paper examines Iran-Saudi Arabia behavior in OPEC using monthly data between 2015:12-1973:1. To this end, estimations were initially developed using Griffin’s linear model, then they were conducted using Markov Switching’s method with fixed Transition Probability. Results of the fixed Transition Probability indicated that Iran-Saudi Arabia behavior was nonlinear and a Collusion regime is applied for Iran’s behavior while a Competitive regime is applied for Saudi Arabia’s one. In other words, during the research period, Iran’s behavior in OPEC has often been in complianc and competent with other members and based on the agreement, Collusion and Cartel’s rules, yet Saudi Arabia’s behavior has been against Cartel’s rules and it was based on competition. Moreover, findings indicated that the length of remaining of Iran in the Collusion regime was approximately 217 months and that in the Competitive regime was approximately 13 months. Anyway, Saudi Arabia stayed approximately 40 and 68 months in the Collusion regime and Competitive one, respectively. As a result, in this research period, the probability of Iran’s staying in the Collusion regime is far more from its staying probability in the Competitive regime. Yet, the probability of Saudi Arabia’s staying in the Competitive regime is more than its staying in the Collusion regime.

Recent studies in housing market especially in the aftermath of 2007 financial crisis show that monetary policy has a main role in housing market and its impact can be asymmetric. In other words, the effect of monetary policy depends on the state of housing market and during bull and bear periods, the market can be differently affected by the monetary policy. As a result, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the asymmetric effects of monetary policy on Iran housing market using quarterly data during 1374-1396. To this end, we use the Markov Switching VAR model in which parameters change according to the phase of the housing cycle. The results suggest that monetary policy has asymmetric effects on housing market. Also, regime dependent Impulse Response Functions show that impact of monetary policy (with same sign and size) on housing market is larger in bear regime than in bull regime.

This article seeks to compare the accuracy of the Flegg’s Location Quotients (FLQ) and Augmented Flegg’s Location Quotient (AFLQ) methods in the regionalization of the national input-output table. The study of the evolution of location quotient approaches shows that although all the empirical evidence confirms the superiority of Flegg’s location quotient and its augmented methods in comparison to location quotient approaches, there is no single theory about the success of these two methods compared to each other. Therefore, the input-output table is provided for 31 provinces of the country, using the value added and output statistics of the provinces, updated national input-output table provided by Statistical Center of Iran in 2011, and the FLQ and AFLQ methods. To compare the performance of the FLQ method with the AFLQ method, five statistical indicators of estimating deviation are used. The results of the research show that in the regionalization of the national input-output table in Iran’s economy, the FLQ method is more accurate than the AFLQ in many statistical indicators, especially Tiel’s index.

The role and influence of the natural resources abundance on economic growth is considered as a puzzle in the economy. In order to investigate this issue, quality of governance role and the diffusion of information and communication technology as a facilitator of good governance settling have been considered and due to studying topic data for 31 oil-rich countries (proxy for natural resources index), from 1980 to 2015, and dynamic common correlated effects method is used. The results of the study show that the role of natural resources in economic growth depends on the quality of governance in countries. Natural resources in high-quality governance nations have become an important and essential factor for economic growth, but in countries with poor governance, natural resources have deterred economic growth. It means natural resources abundance causes economic activities boosts while there is good governance, and with low quality of governance, natural resources abundance will slow down economic growth. Also, according to the results, it could be said that diffusion of ICT causes resource abundance to improve economic growth in the group of countries that the level of information and communication technology is low. This is because of market transparency, increase public awareness through access to more information and more government accountability towards people.

The main purpose of this paper is to present a pattern of time allocation of the Iranian headed households’ housework for rural and urban areas, in 1394 using the data of Statistical Center of Iran. In this research, the theory of allocation of time (household production) of Gary Becker has been used, and the effect of the households’ socio-economic characteristics (including age of headed household, size of household, area of household's lodging, education and income of headed household) on the time spending for home production has been studied by considering the Stone-Geary utility function and the household budget and time constraints.The results indicate that male and female who are headed household in rural areas spent more hours for home production compare to urban areas. Also, the male in urban and rural areas, compare to the female, devoted more hours to housework. Because, according to the reports of statistical center of Iran, during the years 2013-2016, the male unemployment rate was changed 0.2 % and 0.5%, respectively, while the change in the female unemployment rate was 0.1% and 0.3% respectively, Which means male unemployment was increased and the female unemployment was reduced

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of changes in the tax mix on income distribution in Iran using data for the period 1361-1395. To this end, an empirical model is proposed to analyze the effects of substitution of different taxes, including income tax, corporate tax, wealth tax, goods and services tax, and import tax, on income inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient). The results of the cointegration analysis based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach show that (1) the substitution of income tax for corporate tax, wealth tax, or goods and services tax leads to a reduction in income inequality, (2) the substitution of corporate tax for wealth tax reduces income inequality, (3) the substitution of goods and services tax for wealth tax reduces income inequality, whereas the substitution of this type of tax for corporate tax has no statistically significant effect on income inequality, and (4) the substitution of import tax for income tax, corporate tax, wealth tax, or goods and services tax improves income distribution. These results provide a useful guide for policy makers to achieve an optimal mix of taxes aimed at reducing income inequality.

The main question of this paper is that which interest rate value assures existence and optimality of equilibrium, in an environment that we have only precautionary demand for money and assets. This environment has two properties: heterogeneous agents and incomplete markets. In this environment, agents hold precautionary savings (in form of a single asset such as fiat currency, credit, and capital) for self-insurancing themselves against idiosyncratic income fluctuations. Bewley models are formed in this environment. In this paper, we calibrate this model for Iran economy and show that when agents have access to the fiat currency or credit, these results are true

The defects of growth models and the methods of examining relevant empirical evidence, as well as the multiplicity of sources and factors of economic growth, have led to uncertainty about the accuracy of the model specification and impeded consensus among researchers about the key determinants of economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to determine the most important growth factors in OIC member states. For this purpose, a sample of these countries has been selected during period 1975 - 2015 and using the Bayesian Maximum Likelihood Approach (BML) in the context of panel data, among the many factors that can affect growth, endogenously and through various exams in many repetitions, the factors that have the greatest impact are selected and introduced as the robust factors. According to the results, saving rates (SR), foreign direct investment (FDI), investment (ISH), total factors productivity (TFP), and research and development expenditures (R & D) have had the greatest impact on economic growth in these countries. The results could be used to build appropriate patterns for explaining economic growth issues in OIC member states and better management of the economic growth process.