نشریه مطالعات ساختار و کارکرد شهری
پیاپی 11 (پاییز 1394)

In order to achieve and improve a suitable urban environment, the construction quality of all the elements of urban furniture, their relation with each other, positioning in the environment, strength, and delicacy are highly important in order to achieve the three aims of organizing urban landscapes, namely beautification, granting identity and giving consistency. Therefore, the present paper aims to study the status of urban furniture in district in order to resolve lacks and pursue proper organization. To this end, the research method is designed as a library and survey research. For data analysis and testing of theories, one-sample t-test and SPSS for the first theory, and standard tables and data percentages have been utilized for the second. Moreover, Cronbach’s alpha technique has been used to determine the reliability of each item in the questionnaire. The samples studied are of two kinds: One is all the elements of urban furniture in the eight different zones of district 15 of Tehran’s municipality, and the other is the number of residents in this district. Sample size, using Cochran’s formula, has determined as 383. Based on the findings, it was determined that not only cultural issues have been neglected regarding the type and positioning of the urban furniture in district 15, it is also inconsistent with the number of residents and global standards. Also, via TOPSIS methodology in ranking the zones, Zone 3 stood at the top regarding park furniture and Zone 2 regarding street furniture.

Lake of availability for urban services in justice manner and their unbalanced distribution are main problems of Iranian cities, and these problems affect for life quality of urban dwellers. Aim of this research is evaluating spatial justice of population and urban services in fifth regions of Bonab from East Azerbaijan of Iran. Research method is descriptive- analytical method and case study is fifth regions of Bonab according to comprehensive plan of the city. These regions have been evaluated about 14 indicators of urban services. Data gathering are library-survey method, and TOPSIS, VIKOR, WASPAS, and Synthetic models have been used in analyzing information for studying condition of urban services distribution in regions of Bonab. So interior and exterior factors of Bonab have been studied using SWOT model by reading some documents and getting viewpoints of 3 groups (includes of experts, elites, and citizens) using a questionnaire. Findings show that there isn't any spatial justice between population and urban services distribution among regions of Bonab. Nearly 20 percent of population are in balanced situation, 20 percent population are in semi-balanced situation, and 60 percent of population are in unbalanced situation. Results of SWOT model (interior factors by 2/607 coefficient and exterior factors by 2/746 coefficient) show that it is necessary to use contest strategy for getting spatial justice. Namely, using strengths points and contrasting of treats points are optimum strategy for city of Bonab. Results of Spearman correlation coefficient show that there isn't any relationship between population and urban services dispersal among regions. Thus it is necessary of increasing urban services and justice distribution of services among regions of Bonab.

Building density commonly referred to as floor area ratio (FAR), is defined as the ratio between the total amount of gross floor area of a building and the area of the parcel upon which the building is located on. Research methodology employed is descriptive - analytic. And its goal is the Analysis of Building Density (FAR), in urban neighborhoods with LUI in neighborhood of Golbad in Tabriz. The LUI method relates the number of living units by floor area to recommended amount of site area according to their location and the type and size of housing. It includes useful guidance material as to needed parking space, recreation space, livability space, etc., as related to floor area. The correlation of these elements shows, for each LUI number, the maximum square foot amount of floor area(FA) and the minimum ratios of open space(OS), livability space(LS), and recreation space(RS),for each square foot of site or land area(LA). Also indicated are the minimum numbers of occupant car (OC), and total car (TC), parking spaces per living unit. The LUI number assigned for development of site is determined by the average living unit size and the number of living units for the site that are agreed to by the developer, the local authority, and HUD. It should provide an intensity of development that is appropriate to the characteristic of the sit and its location in the community. The land use intensity range indicated for each building type is the range that has proved to be the most favorable for that building type. Intensities higher or lower than the range indicated tend to over- or under develop a property. The intensity for building type alone on a property or in a group mixed with groups or individual specimens of other building types should usually be within the range indicated. The results of the survey shows that the number of land use intensity and floor area ratio (FAR) in Neighborhood of Golbad neighborhood (Tabriz) are (LUI) 6/4 and 1/06 respectively. For this LUI, the favorable building is 4 story apartments. whilst, the most of the current buildings belong to two story. These land use intensity ranges were lower than the range of development. Also, several lacks are observed in many aspects of LUI such as open space (OS), parking space (PS), recreation space (RS), livability space (LS), number of occupant car (OC), and total car (TC). Therefore, with consideration of the number of LUI, there is still feasibility to increase the number of housing units in per acre.

Prior to being engineering phenomena, cities are social phenomena which their formation is the result of individuals’ relations with each other. These relations manifest themselves in urban spaces, particularly in public space. Providing a bedrock for urban participation, vivacity, identity, sense of belonging, citizenship, leisure spending, etc…, these spaces play an important role in forming citizen-based city . The citizen-based city belonging to citizens of the experience and together with the inhabitants of which have resulted in the No time like the moment before or after, and residents will experience time differently in space. So the social dimension of cities, citizens and public spaces in cities are the most important physical dimensions and physical. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of public spaces in the formation of citizen by citizen, vitality, sense of belonging and identity, participation and interaction, leisure, in the city. A sample Volume By Cochran 120 set at 95 percent and The data set used in this qualitative study through questionnaires Yusef Abad neighborhood residents were gathered at Shafaq Park. Data analysis using SPSS software regression test and Pearson's public spaces were no conclusions can provide the conditions for the formation of citizen-based city.

Earthquake is considered as one of the natural disasters that both occurrence and predictability, is of paramount importance than other risks. Therefore, it requires preparation and planning before of crisis to reduce losses and damages. Earthquake have different impacts on social groups and is directly related with people's socioeconomic status, So that the results are consistent with the socio-economic inequalities structure of communities. Therefore, the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) is method that based on the socio-economic characteristics of groups, assess their vulnerability level against earthquakes. This paper aim, spatial analysis of social vulnerability in No 2 Municipality of Tabriz that use of Descriptive analytical method and SVI model. First, defined indicators and variables based on SVI model and then data associated with variations in blocks statistical scale extracted from 2011 census data and data analyzed using factor analysis method. In the end, Results Combined with base map of district and has been identified spatial distribution of Social vulnerability. The final map of social vulnerability shows that 18/9 percent of district area with 98 348 population (31 percent), In other words, nearly one-fifth of the area with about one- third of the population are exposed to high vulnerability.

The destruction or deductions of agriculture in the city are indicating the programmers to the municipal development principles. The use of agriculture is the most important structure of city ecological whereat, cause of continuation of ecological process in the city and this problem in Tehran is being more important due to the environment natural. This study is base on the purpose of revolutionizing comparison of agriculture and physical consequents special in eighteen region special in eighteen region in Tehran . Hence with the use of descriptive ascertainment, data collection predicative course and basic, observation technique and the codified GIS and ENVI software. Thus, first changing is the use of agriculture from 1365 to 1394 and afterwards with the base of mine is the previous innovating data analysis in the agriculture class , human made place and arid. Cataclysmic of the estimate dynamism represents the human operation in the region account of the use of agricultural deducting during the time and physical – special consequent like interference the use of adverse, agriculture restricted, expanse of the noisome imagery and have the shape of control expectance in a place. In this course the protective suggestions are presenting the use of confirmatory and amendment agriculture.

One of the most important challenges of urban management in developing countries is increasing the growth rate and the lack of sufficient understanding and control of the production process, storage, collection and transportation of solid waste. In this respect, the present study was designed in response to this main question that what is the role of management in the production process, storage, collection and transportation of solid waste in Bukan and what solutions can be provided to improve it. Therefore, this is the type of applied research that has been done to quantitative, analytical and descriptive method. Data was collected through literature review and field studies (questionnaire). The study sample was 400 inhabitants in the city Bukan (171773) that statistical sample designated randomly. For Analysis of the data is used One-sample T-Test analysis and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that there is a direct correlation between the exponential increase in population and waste. So that, due to population growth, increased the amount of waste generated in the city Bukan Existence a large amount of organic material in the municipal solid waste (75/82%) includes the largest proportion of municipal solid waste in the Bukan. Also, 71/3% of people they do mixed waste storage and only 28/8 as segregated. Most of the machinery and equipment to collect and transport waste are not equipped to the sanitary methods. The results of the analysis show that Collection and disposal of solid waste in the city Bukan with 99% confidence is a little desirability. Also independent variables with constant coefficients on dependent variable that contains the elements of production, storage, collection and transportation will have a direct impact.