فهرست مطالب

High Risk Behaviors & Addiction - Volume:7 Issue: 3, Sep 2018

International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction
Volume:7 Issue: 3, Sep 2018

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/06/10
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • Arezoo Paliziyan*, Mahnaz Mehrabizade Honarman , Nasrin Arshadi Page 1
    Background
    Numerous studies demonstrated that emotional dysregulation and early maladaptive schemas are the defining core of oppositional defiant disorder. Many studies also found a strong correlation between the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder and vandalism.
    Objectives
    The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant and emotion regulation, schema, and vandalism in male high school students in Dezfoul, the Southwest of Iran. Patients and Methods: A sample of high school students (n = 320) with a mean age of 16.34 (SD = 0.66) years completed Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory pilot version (ODBI), Difficulties in Emotion-Regulation Scale (DERS), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), and Questionnair of Vandalism (QV). Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis.
    Results
    The results showed a significant positive correlation between emotion regulation, schema, and vandalism with Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant. Regression analysis revealed that 12% variance of Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant can be predicted by emotion dysregulation, schema, and vandalism. Moreover, emotion dysregulation was the most effective predicting variable of oppositional defiant disorder (P < 0.001).
    Conclusions
    The findings of the current study were in accordance with those of the previous studies, and generally showed a significant association between emotion regulation, schema, and vandalism with oppositional defiant disorder. Study implications and limitations were considered.
    Keywords: Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Emotion Dysregulation, Schema, Vandalism
  • Azizollah Mojahed , Moslem Rajabi , Sajjad Khanjani *, Sajjad Basharpoor Page 2
    Background
    Understanding psychological factors related to self-injury behaviors in people with borderline personality disorder can be an important step towards identifying the causes and preventing it.
    Objectives
    The current study was conducted to determine the role of symptoms of borderline personality and alexithymia in predicting self-injury behaviors in people with borderline personality disorder. Patients and Methods: The statistical population of the study includes all men with borderline personality disorder, referring to the psychiatric section of Imam Sajjad (AS) hospital of Tehran. A total of 94 people were selected by non-probable sampling and were asked to complete Deliberate Self-Harm, Symptoms of Borderline Personality, and Alexithymia questionnaires. Data was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis by the SPSS-18 software.
    Results
    The results showed that self-injury behaviors have a positive correlation with the total score of Symptoms of Borderline Personality, and hopelessness, impulsivity, stress related dissociative as well as paranoid symptoms, and total score of Alexithymia, difficulty in identifying, difficulty in describing feeling, and external orient thinking style. Also the results of the regression analysis showed that 15% of variance of self-harming behaviors was explained by Symptoms of Borderline Personality and 21% variance of it was explained by Alexithymia.
    Conclusion
    The results showed that Symptoms of Borderline Personality and Alexithymia can play a role in self-harming behaviors of people with borderline personality disorder.
    Keywords: Self-Injurious Behavior, Borderline Personality Disorder, Affective Symptoms
  • Iman Kashani , Mehryar Taghavi Gilani*, Farideh Golhasani Keshtan , Alireza Sedaghat Page 3
    Background
    Spinal anesthesia is the method of choice for cesarean section. In opioid-dependent mothers, more narcotic is necessary for analgesia.
    Objectives
    In this study, low dose bupivacaine was used to reduce adverse effects, and high dose fentanyl was used to improve analgesia. Patients and Methods: This randomized double-blinded study was performed on 60 opioid-dependent pregnant females in 2 similar groups. In the high-dose bupivacaine with low-dose fentanyl (HBLF) group, 10 mg of bupivacaine and 25 µg of fentanyl, and in the low-dose bupivacaine with high-dose fentanyl (LBHF) group, 6 mg of bupivacaine and 50 µg of fentanyl were used for spinal anesthesia. The blood pressure, heart rate, itching, nausea and vomiting, Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes, and surgeon and patient satisfaction were evaluated during the study. The sensory block onset and reverse were measured to Thorax 5 and Thorax 12, respectively. The patient’s pain was assessed by a verbal analogue scale (VAS) every half an hour. The time of analgesic was determined from anesthesia injection to verbal analogue scale of > 4. The information was analyzed using the SPSS v16 software and P < 0.05 was considered significant.
    Results
    The demographic data and pre-anesthetic hemodynamic status were similar. The blood pressure was decreased in both groups (P = 0.019), yet there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P = 0.43). There was no difference in heart rate (P = 0.33), itching, nausea, and vomiting, Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes, and surgeon and patients’ satisfaction, (P value was 0.47, 0.54, 0.85, 0.86, 0.92, and 0.09, respectively). The block onset to T5 in the HBLF group and LBHF group was 4.4 ± 0.9 and 5.3 ± 0.9 minutes, respectively (P = 0.002). The sensory block reverse to T12 in the HBLF group and the LBHF group was 141.2 ± 28.9 and 122.3 ± 24.5 minutes, respectively (P = 0.03). Also, the time of the first analgesic in the HBLF group and the LBHF group was 248.2 ± 31.4 and 282.1 ± 28.6 minutes, respectively (P = 0.02).
    Conclusions
    There was no difference between low-dose and high-dose narcotic groups in complications and satisfaction. In the opioid-addicted mothers, the sensory block at high-dose bupivacaine (10 mg) and low-dose fentanyl (25 µg) was faster and longer. On the other hand, the duration of analgesia in the low-dose bupivacaine (6 mg) and high-dose fentanyl (50 µg) was higher.
    Keywords: Opioid-Related Disorders, Spinal Anesthesia, Cesarean Section, Fentanyl
  • Lipsy Modi _Sachin Ratan Gedam*_Imran Ali Shivji _Vijay Babar _P S Patil Page 4
    Background
    Self-stigma severely affects individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) as well as act as a barrier to recovery process.
    Objectives
    This study attempted to measure and compare self stigma among schizophrenia and alcohol dependence syndrome patients. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study performed on 100 patients, 50 patients with ADS and 50 patients with schizophrenia. A semi-structured data and internalized stigma of mental illness Scale (ISMIS) to assess self-stigma were administered.
    Results
    Prevalence of self-stigma was more in ADS (66%) than that in schizophrenia (50%). The stigma in schizophrenia was significantly associated with unmarried and divorced; education above 12th standard; those who belonged to joint family, and urban region (P < 0.05) while in ADS, it was associated with education above 12th standard (P < 0.05). Only gender among the socio-demographic correlates was significantly different between schizophrenia and ADS patients with self stigma (P < 0.05). The locality and education status were found to be strong predictors of stigma.
    Conclusions
    Self stigma is more prevalent in ADS as compared to schizophrenia and it is a significant problem in both. Therefore, there is a need to take specific interventions to improve overall quality of life and reduce stigma.
    Keywords: Stigma, Schizophrenia, Alcohol Dependence, Mentally Ill, Risk Factors
  • Stéphanie Laconi*, Elodie Verseillié , Henri Chabrol Page 5
    Background
    Problematic Internet Use (PIU), as well as Problematic Facebook Use (PFU), is a growing concern worldwide. Like Facebook, Twitter is a widely used social networking site. Yet, no study has been conducted on the specific problematic Twitter use (PTU).
    Objectives
    The main goal of this study was to explore the rate of problematic Twitter and Facebook uses, their relationships and differences in terms of psychopathological and internet-related variables. Patients and Methods: A sample of 822 Facebook users (55% women) aged from 18 to 29 (Mean = 21.6; SD = 2.8) completed a set of questionnaires assessing Twitter, Facebook, and the internet use characteristics and problematic uses, as well as psychopathological symptoms.
    Results
    Among the total sample, approximately 18% of the participants had a PIU. Besides, more than 4% (n = 34) had a PFU with a significantly higher rate of women (P < 0.01). Twitter users were represented by approximately 32% (n = 259) of the sample. 21% (n = 55) reported a PIU, 3.1% (n = 8) a PTU (n = 8), and 3.9% (n = 10) a PFU with a significant majority of women (P < 0.05). Multiple-regression analysis revealed significant differences between PTU and PFU, particularly in terms of time spent on Facebook and psychopathological symptoms.
    Conclusions
    PFU was particularly related to depression and anxiety symptoms while PTU was not. Moreover, our results suggest further exploring the specificity of specific Social Networking Site (SNS) instead of encompassing them into a general problematic use of the internet or SNS. This exploratory study had limitations and needs to be completed by research focusing on relationships and differences between these uses. Future studies need to focus on the relationship between problematic SNS uses, taken separately, with psychopathology, and especially pathological personality traits, by taking gender into account.
    Keywords: Social Networking, Psychopathology, Young Adult, Internet, Addictive Behavior
  • Behrooz Hamzeh , Farid Najafi , Fatemeh Heydarpour , Mehdi Moradinazar , Zeinab Moradinazar * Page 6
    Background
    Injection drug use (IDU) is one of the most dangerous and addictive methods of drug abuse. The current statistics showed that the rate of IDU is increasing, and is higher compared to other methods of drugs abuse. In addition, it is one of the main routes of transmitting infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis in Iran.
    Objectives
    In light of this, the present study aimed at examining the main factors, affecting the tendency for IDU. Patients and Methods: This study was a descriptive study of 823 individuals, having an active file at centers and referred to Kermanshah-based maintenance methadone therapy (MMT) centers, in 2015. Sample collection was performed through multi-stage sampling of all MMT centers. Information gathering was performed with the help of a Psychologist of the ward, in charge of interviewing the referees. The data were analyzed, using multi-variable logistic regression.
    Results
    All the clients were males with an average age of 38.48 ± 11.21 years. Average age of drug abuse initiation was 23.03 ± 7.9 years. After controlling for confounding variables, the individuals, who were a drug addicts for more than 10 years had 3.01 (1.6 to 5.6) times greater tendencies for intravenous drug addiction, compared to those, who were a drug addict for less than five years. In addition, individuals aged more than 35 years had 0.06 (0.01 - 0.22) times less tendencies to IDU drugs, compared to those, who were younger than 19 years old. Although the type of drug that the patient used for the first time, was not affecting the tendency, the risk of intravenous drug addiction in those, who used oral drugs was 1.74 (1.1 to 2.56) times more than those, who developed a drug addiction through nasal drugs.
    Conclusions
    By taking into consideration that drug abuse initiation and the duration of drug use were the main causes of the tendency for IDU, prevention by decreasing the age of the development of drug addiction and decreasing the duration of drug use, could be an effective measure to decrease the rate of IDU in the society.
    Keywords: Addiction, Injection, Methadone
  • Shimin Zheng , Sheryl Strasser*, Nicole Holt , Megan Quinn , Ying Liu , Casey Morrell Page 7
    Background
    US adolescent obesity rates have quadrupled over the past 3 decades. Research examining complex factors associated with obesity is limited.
    Objectives
    The purpose of this study was to utilize a representative sample of students (grades 6 - 8) in Tennessee to determine the co-occurrence of risk behaviors with adolescent obesity prevalence and to analyze variations by strata. Patients and Methods: The 2010 youth risk behavior survey dataset was used to examine associations of obesity with variables related to sample demographics, risk and protective behaviors, and region. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses stratified by demographics and region were conducted to evaluate variation in obesity risk occurring on three hierarchical levels: class, school and district.
    Results
    The sample consisted of 60715 subjects. The overall obesity rate was 22%. High prevalence of obesity existed in males, non-white race, those ever smoked and was positively correlated with age. Across three state regions, race, gender, and specific behaviors (smoking, weight misperception, disordered eating, +3 hours TV viewing, and no sports team participation) persisted as significant predictors of adolescent obesity, although variations by region and demographics were observed. Multilevel analyses indicate that < 1%, 0 - 1.97% and 4.03 - 13.06% of the variation in obesity was associated with district, school and class differences, respectively, when stratifying the sample by demographic characteristics or region.
    Conclusions
    Uniform school-based prevention efforts targeting adolescent obesity risk may have limited impact if they fail to respond to geographical and demographic nuances that hierarchal modeling can detect. Study results reveal that stratified hierarchical analytic approaches to examine adolescent obesity risk have tremendous potential to elucidate significant prevention insights.
    Keywords: Adolescents, Obesity, Health Risk Behaviors, Hierarchical, Logistic Models, Regression Analysis
  • Silvia Riva , Marianna Masiero*, Ketti Mazzocco , Gabriella Pravettoni Page 8
    Background
    Traditionally, psychologists have been involved in identifying the minimum amount of physical activity needed to be healthy. Latest research has changed direction and is starting to shed some light on a new trend characterized by excessive physical activity, especially in young adults.
    Objectives
    This study aimed at examining how an intense physical activity can have detrimental psychological effects and turn into an addiction with possible repercussion on health, especially when individuals continue to have maladaptive behaviors such as smoking and drinking. Patients and Methods: A convenience sample of 158 participants (female = 101; male = 57) was enrolled, with a mean age of 28 years (SD = 6.09). A questionnaire was administered to evaluate both the optimistic bias in smokers and drinkers and the time spent in physical activity.
    Results
    Participants showing smoking and drinking behaviors were categorized according to the extent of performed physical activity. Descriptive analyses revealed that 26% of participants were “inactive”, while 8.30% practiced “intense activity” and 8.30% practiced “extremely intense activity”. People who had 7 to 8 hours of physical activity per week estimated the risk of getting bladder cancer as “much below average” (P = 0.039). Consistent results were found for stroke (P = 0.015).
    Conclusions
    This study aimed at offering an innovative starting point to examine more closely the role of such mechanism in individuals practicing intense and sometimes excessive physical activity. Our results may offer new hints for researchers working in the prevention and education of adolescents and young-adults.
    Keywords: Maladaptive Health Behavior Choice, Optimistic Bias, Physical Activity, Decision-Making
  • Sajjad Basharpoor*, Shoaleh Amani , Sajjad Rashid Page 9
    Background
    Impulsivity is an important factor associated with high risk behaviors. The new findings reveal the neuropsychological bases for this personality trait.
    Objectives
    The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) connectivity indices in FP1 / Fp2 brain areas and multiple facets of impulsivity among college students. Patients and Methods: The current correlational study was conducted on all students of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2015 - 2016 the academic year as the statistical population. Eighty-eight students were randomly selected and asked to respond to the questionnaire of demographic information and impulsive behavior scale, then they were brought into the laboratory of psychology, located in the Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili and their EEG activities were recorded for six minutes both under opened eye and closed eye conditions. The data were analyzed with NeuroGuide and SPSS version 23.
    Results
    The current study results showed a positive relationship between negative urgency and delta activity in closed eye condition in FP1 / Fp2 areas. Also, beta activity in opened eye condition in FP1 / Fp2 areas was negatively correlated both to lack of premeditation and positive urgency. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between high beta activities in closed eye condition and the lack of perseverance.
    Conclusions
    The obtained results were consistent with prior findings highlighting the importance of the high beta and low delta activity in prefrontal lobe in impulsive behaviors.
    Keywords: Electroencephalography, Connectivity, Impulsivity