نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال شانزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1397)

There are two opinions on the encounter of Iranians with veiling, specially women`s veiling (Hijab-e zanan) that has superficially contradiction. The first, resistance of Muslim Iranians to forcing unveiling (kashf-e hejab) in Reza Pahlavi`s monarchy and the second, according to some opinions, reaction of Iranians to the forcing veiling or law of veiling in Islamic Republic era. In the first era, under the influence of policies of aggressive western modernization of Reza Pahlavi, unveiling is "the force" and in the second era, veiling is so. However, between two periods, there is 37 year old era of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi that has less analyzed, despite of continuity of forcing unveiling`s policies. Unlike to Reza Pahlavi`s era, forcing of unveiling not only wasn’t directly in social reality, but also was through extending media`s pictures and influencing on unconscious mind of social actors. Furthermore, since of 1340s, these policies has been related to capitalist development. In the article, "the picture of unveiling" has used to characterize the pictorial feature. In the West, the unveiling picture of men or women`s organs has extended under the development of music and cinema`s industry after world war II. In the before periods, showing of pictures of unveiling of men or women`s organs had limited or at least, wasn’t symbols of modernity, progress and personality. In the article, the critical theory of Frankfort school and methodological framework culture industry has used to study the condition of picture of unveiling and influence of M.R. Pahlavi`s policies on it. In the conclusion has been expressed that firstly, the attention to pictorial feature of unveiling that began from M.R. Pahlavi`s era can explain superficial contradiction of two opinions on Iranians reaction to veiling and secondly, due to the continuity of media`s pictures to Islamic republic era, we has pointed to necessity of other researches on contrast of unveiling picture-veiling picture in the era.

Recent studies in the field of cognitive science on conceptual metaphor have shown that metaphor is not merely a linguistic phenomenon but is essentially a conceptual-experimental process that constructs our mental world and is a means that reflects the origin of the cognitive structures of human thought. By examining the metaphorical conceptualization of marriage and childbearing that are widely used in Persian everyday language, the present study seeks to demonstrate how the study of conceptual metaphors, within the framework of sociolinguistics, can help us in a better understanding of collective representations and cultural cognition. To achieve this goal, the present study utilizes ethnographic strategy and semi-structured interview from twenty married women with the child has gained some common metaphors in the conceptualization of marriage and childbearing. Subsequently, based on the premises of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, these metaphors are analyzed qualitatively. The results show that such conceptual mappings bear theoretical significance for the study of metaphor in identifying collective representation and cultural cognition and help us to get a deeper understanding of cultural understanding of concepts in a community.

The purpose of this study was to identify and leveling the barriers to women's promotion in managerial posts in Iranian educational system based on Interpretative Structural Modeling. The research method in present study to identify and factors categorizing was a qualitative approach and method was case study. The participants of the study consisted of faculty members of Iranian Universities and then among them, 13 faculty members were selected as research sample based on purposeful sampling. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, a content validity criterion was used. the questionnaire was originally reviewed by experts of the field of women and after the final amendments were finalized.The data collection tool was a self-interactive questionnaire (ISM) and content validity was confirmed by specialists. The results showed that 10 factors are considered as factors affecting the barriers to women's promotion in managerial posts in Iranian educational system. Also, factor analysis showed that this model has 8 levels that were determined from the deepest and most influential level to the most surface. The eighth level of model was norms based on religious traditionalism that is as deepest level of model. The seventh level of model is dominance of patriarchal culture and also stereotypical attitude toward women's management. The sixth level of model is the unwritten gender discrimination. The fifth level of model is dismissal of women's management by employees, and women's inability to deal violently and not risk-taking. The fourth level of model is the lack of self-confidence and self-esteem of women. The third level of model is Job conflict with family duties. The second level is the disapproving women's responsibility for management and finally the first level of model is lack of suitability in employment.

The different life cycles and lifestyles of men and women in human populations have always led to significant gender differences in the mortality by sexes. So far, studies on the gender gap in mortality mostly carried out in western countries, and it is under researched in Iran. The present study examines the patterns of cause-by-age gender gap in mortality in Iran over the last decade. Data were adopted from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, and have been used after evaluating and correcting by the modified Brass-Trussell method and the Bennett-Horrurichi method. The findings show that the gap in life expectancy between male and female was about 3.5 years in 2006, decreasing to 2.9 and 3.0 years in 2011 and 2015 respectively. During the study period, about 80% of the gender gap in mortality was due to mortality differences between male and female aged 20-64 years old. The unintentional events in all three periods played a dominant role in the mortality sex differences, but its share has declined significantly over time, with its contribution from 60% to around 42% between 2006 and 2015. By contrast, during this period, the role of cardiovascular disease has increased from 9% to 20% in explaining the mortality gap and the role of cancers rose from 10% to 15%. By studying the sex difference in death causes, in addition to showing the capacity to reduce men's death, the critical points of women's mortality by age and cause, can been identified . And by focusing on health planning and disease prevention in a specific direction, it the sex differences in Mortality can be decreased and also the life expectancy for both sex increased.

Today, sustainable development relies on empowerment of women, as social scientists have always emphasized the elimination of gender barriers as a prerequisite for the realization of economic and social development. Accordingly, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between Board Gender Diversity and Internal Control Weaknesses in companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. To test the research hypotheses, financial information of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange was used between 2012 and 2016. So, after applying the limitations in this study, a final sample of 87 companies was selected. In this study, the Board Gender Diversity as independent variables and Internal Control Weaknesses are dependent variables of the research. After measuring the variables of the research, multivariate linear regression analysis was used to test the research hypotheses. Statistical tests were performed using the Eviews econometric software and the statistical data compilation technique. The results obtained from the hypothesis test indicate that there is a significant relationship between Board Gender Diversity and Internal Control Weaknesses. In other words, the presence of women on the board reduces the company's internal control weaknesses.

The present paper uses feminist and critical theories to study the vulnerability of women in natural disasters in order to optimize the management of natural disaster risk with the aim of reducing their vulnerability. The methodology of research was quantitative and its method was survey. Among 384 men and women aged 15-65 in Gorgan and Kerman provinces (in general 768 persons) were selected based on cluster and proportional stratification sampling methods. The results showed that the most important areas of vulnerability of women in natural disasters were: lack of security, lack of employment, lack or weakness of education in the field of natural disasters and cultural problems or the traditional thinking patterns of men about women and lack of belief in women's participation in disasters. Meanwhile, the most important contexts of women's vulnerability to natural disasters were, as compared to men, the potential and background of women's emotional and psychological vulnerability (due to emotionality, fear and anxiety, etc.); the social conditions defined for women in the society and the lack of respect for women's rights by the society and authorities; the physical vulnerability of women; and the preservation of Hijab at the time of the disaster ... The findings implies that the natural disasters are intrinsically social phenomenas and they are rooted in a social structure or system. Hence, women's vulnerability to natural disasters can be traced back to as construction and the consequence of social structures and semantic systems, which makes the division of the role of men and women produces and reproduces this vulnerability.