نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 75، تابستان 1397)

A third generation university is characterized by three significant missions, including the protection and dissemination of human knowledge, research, and paving the ground for the university to play a role in economic and social development. The purpose of this paper was to identify the structural components of medical universities in transition to third generation university. This study is a systematic review. The search for the present study was carried out with the keywords of organizational structure, the organizational structure of universities, third generation university, entrepreneurial university, and organizational structure of the third generation university on databanks including ISI, SID, Magiran, ProQuest, sagepub, and PubMed as well as Google Scholar from 1990 to 2017. Afterward, all reviewed articles that had inclusion criteria were studied. A total of 42 articles that were related to the topic were employed. The majority of these papers suggest the modification of the organizational structure relative to the objectives and higher education procedures in order to enhance efficacy. Given the findings, there is the emphasis on the complexity, formality, and concentration in the organizational structure of medical sciences universities. Therefore, it is necessary to make changes in the current structure of medical universities in order to transit to third generation university.

One of the most important elements of designing medical education curriculum with entrepreneurial approach is teaching and learning strategies that plays a key role in the implementation and effectiveness of the curriculum. Teaching methods must be tailored to the objectives and content of the teaching and tailored to the needs of the learners. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the teaching and learning strategies in the medical education curriculum with the approach of entrepreneurship education. This study is a systematic review. The search for the present study was carried out with entrepreneurial keywords, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship curriculum, entrepreneurship teaching strategies in the field of medical education. In this regard, Web site articles, ISCs, SIDs and Magiran, Google scholar, ProQuest, sagepub, PubMed and library studies were searched in books and scientific papers published between 1990 and 2017. A total of 71 sources were studied. In an entrepreneurial curriculum, teacher teaching strategies in the classroom should be closely linked to the creativity and innovation of the students. Effective entrepreneurship education requires providing various facilities, including teaching methods, and introduces acquaintance to instructors with an almost complete set of teaching methods for teaching.

One of the strategies to reduce the stress in college students is efforts and planning (resources management) and time management-study location and attitude of the students. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine time and place management, resource management and the attitude of students using mobile learning in Birjand University of Medical Sciences. This is a quasi-experimental study. Students operating room technology in Ghaen and Ferdows faculties formed the study population which included 43 individuals. Initially, the electronic book of medical microbiology was installed on the mobile phones of students in the test group. In addition to traditional course delivery, some part of learning content was also sent to this group in the form of SMS. Data collection tool was a self-regulation learning strategies questionnaire (MSLQ). Structured interviews and data analysis was used to measure students' perceptions of mobile learning. The results showed that the use of mobile phones to deliver course content can have quite a significant impact on time and place management of the study and on resource management(efforts and planning) (p < 0.005). Most students were interested in using mobile phones as learning tools and suggested to combine this method of course delivery with other conventional methods. Using a mobile phone as a new tool for learning content delivery has a positive impact on both on time and place management of the study and on resource management (efforts and planning). It can be useful for effective learning for medical students.

In the new era of n E-learning technology, the models of microbiology education are changing. To improve the quality of learning microbiology, presenting multimedia clips in the classroom is a matter of debate among educators. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of presenting clips on academic learning and satisfaction of learners in the microbiology course. In this quasi-experimental study, 69 B.Sc. students of health in Birjand University of Medical Sciences who took part in the microbiology course were studied in two groups. In the case group, teaching was based on a combination of lectures by presenting PowerPoint slides and also showing clips while in the control group, the teaching was only based on PowerPoint presentation. In the middle and at the end of the semester, the rate of satisfaction and academic learning was compared between the two groups. The data were collected by the researcher-made questioner for student satisfaction and by scientific exams for academic learning. The results showed that the amount of learning in the case group (based on a combination of lectures by presenting PowerPoint slides and also showing clips) was significantly higher than the control group (lectures by presenting PowerPoint slides). The average satisfaction score of students for PowerPoint slides-based teaching and combined teaching was 25.32 ± 4.31 and 25.48 ± 3. 21 respectively, that this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.85). Presenting multimedia clips to students during microbiology courses is a powerful tool for learning. Development of clips as a main part of learning content in microbiology courses is suggested.

Clinical reasoning is a major and essential skill for disease diagnosis which is necessary for all medical students, the snapps model as a student-centered model can provide the basis for clinical reasoning. The study aimed to compare the impact of the SNAPPS outpatient education model and the conventional method on medical students' clinical reasoning.
Clinical reasoning is a major and necessary skill for disease diagnosis learning the skill is both useful and necessary for medical students. The study aimed to compare the impact of the SNAPPS outpatient education model and the conventional method on medical students' clinical reasoning. This is a quasi-experimental study with a control group and post-test. The population comprised of medical students in Birjand University of Medical Sciences who entered the infectious diseases ward in the 2015-16 academic year. The sample comprised of 126 students who were assigned into intervention and control groups via simple allocation method. The intervention group was trained with the SNAPPS model, while the matched controls – in terms of gender, education level, and GPA – were trained with the conventional outpatient education method. The clinical reasoning scores of the two groups were assessed using the KF test, and analyzed in SPSS-19 software using the independent t test. The results of this study showed that the clinical reasoning mean score in the intervention group(SNAPPS model) was 17.81 ± 1.20, and that of the control group(conventional method) was 16.85 ± 1.11, with the difference being statistically significant (P = 0.000). The SNAPPS model is an effective model for developing students' clinical reasoning; therefore, application of this method is recommended for all courses in medical education.

Although evaluation has been considered as an inseparable part of education, evaluating higher education curriculum in most of the university programs has not been adequately investigated. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the quality of general English language course curriculum and English language learning based on Tyler’s Model from the students’ perspective at Birjand University of Medical Sciences. This study was descriptive – analytic. The participants were students having General English course at Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2016. The sampling methods on Krejcie and Morgan table were 180 students and they were selected by available sampling method. Data collection was done through a researcher-made questionnaire including 28 items. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts in medical and English language education and the reliability was estimated as 82% based on Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using descriptive (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (one sample T-test). The results indicated that the experimental mean score was higher than the theoretical one, and there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two means in three aspects of ‘content’, ‘teaching methods’, and ‘evaluation’ in general English course. Also, the experimental mean in the aspect of ‘course goals’ was less than the theoretical mean and there was a significant difference between them (p>0.05). Based on the results of this study, the goals of general English language course should be reevaluated so it can satisfy the students’ needs.

Different disciplines of medical science have a close connection with the health of the public. Lack of awareness of the field of study and disinterest to it will have consequences on the educational and health system. While recognizing the field of study and interest in it increases the sense of responsibility and efficiency of individuals in the provision of services. The purpose of this study was to determine the students' interest in their field of study and the factors influencing it from the viewpoint of students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. In this descriptive-analytical study, 210 students from Zahedan University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected. The method of collecting information was field-based and using a valid questionnaire, including 21 questions (14 items with Likert Triple Scale). Data were entered into SPSS software (Version.20). The confidence level was considered as 0.05. The average interest rate of students in their field of study was 68.3 ± 27.3. 60.3% of the women were female and the rest were male The mean age of the subjects was 21.2±3.3 years. It was found that there was a significant relationship between the level of interest of individuals with marital status (P <0.0001) and previous knowledge of subjects when choosing a course (P <0.0001). The results of this study showed that the students' interest in their field of study was relatively good, but less than half of them had chosen their field of study without prior knowledge.

One of the most important goals of higher education systems is to create creativity and innovation in students, and the curriculum sphere, as the heart of the educational system, can be effective in formulating and implementing this notion. The purpose of this study was to study the factors influencing the acceptance of curriculum innovations in the Iranian higher education system. This is a descriptive-analytic study. The research population comprised of all faculty members in the Tehran-based universities. Given the number of indicators covered in the study, the sample size was estimated to be 174 people who were selected via non-random sampling method. Data were collected by a 95-item researcher-made questionnaire. The Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.83 using Cronbach's alpha method. SPSS16 and PLS software were used to analyze the data. Correlation and path analysis were used at the significant level of 0.05. The results showed that the curriculum culture, macro-environment policy, learners’ characteristics, innovation characteristics, facilitators of and barriers to innovation in higher education curriculum have a significant effect (p <0.05). Therefore, understanding the factors influencing the implementation of innovations in the curriculum can be used as a tool for better planning in the process of implementing educational innovations.

Academic achievement is one of the important indicators in the evaluation of higher education system. in this regard, problem-solving skills are among factors influencing students’ academic achievement. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between problem-solving skills and academic achievement of students at Birjand University of Medical Sciences. This study is a descriptive-analytic, correlational study in which 342 students studying at Birjand University of Medical Sciences were selected via a stratified random sampling method in the academic year of 2016-17. the data collection tools comprised of a demographics form, Hepner & Petroson Standardized Problem Solving Questionnaire, and students’ total GPA scores as indicators of academic achievement. Data analysis was performed by SPSS18 using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage), Pearson correlation test, independent t-test, and, analysis of variance. The majority of participants in this study (58.5%) were girls. Based on Pearson correlation test, there was a significant positive correlation between problem-solving and academic achievement. There was also a statistically significant difference between the students' GPA scores in terms of gender and student's faculty (P <0.001). But the score was not found significant differences between male and female students' problem-solving. Given the direct relationship between problem-solving and academic achievement of students, it is suggested that teachers put the learner in a position of solving problems rather than forcing them to rote learn concepts, methods, and rules so that they can see themselves in the real scene and face the problem and solve it.

Assessment of students' academic achievement is one of the research priorities in education and identifying effective factors in them and paying attention to them is a step towards sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to determine the academic achievement status of students in Neishabour Medical School and its related factors in the academic year of 2016-2017. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 223 students. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that assessed demographic data Field and Grade of Study, university and diploma score, number of failed courses, the number of semesters. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) software and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation coefficient test. The total number of participants was 223 average age of participants is 21.82 ± 3.73 years and The average total of the score was 16±1.47. The results showed the University average of women higher than men and that this difference is significant (p<0.001). Also, there is a significant relationship between marital status and employment status, the distance between the acceptable in the university and get a diploma and university residence status with University Score (p<0.05). Spearman test results showed that the relationship between Diploma Score and the Total score is significance (p<0/001). The results generally showed that gender, marital status, employment status, the distance between university acceptable and get a diploma and residence status can a significant role to play in determining students progress.

One of the goals of learning the English language is communication with others. But despite the fact that Iranian students have been learning languages for many years, few are successful in acquiring relative skills in the English language. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of syllabus-based English language teaching on students’ English language motivation, attitude and self-efficacy. This study is conducted using an exploratory mixed methods approach. Of the 202 students of Birjand University of Medical Sciences who selected general language course, thirty medical students were selected through convenience sampling. Data was gathered using Gardner's questionnaire on attitude and motivation in learning English and Wang’s questionnaire on self-efficacy in learning English. The quantitative analysis was done through paired t and the qualitative analysis was performed via qualitative and interpretive content analysis based on Heidegger’s model including three steps of open, centralized, and axial coding steps. The results obtained from the quantitative data showed that the general English course has no effect on students’ English language motivation, attitude and self-efficacy. analyzing the qualitative data revealed that students overall believed that the general English course has not any effect on English language motivation, attitude, and self-efficacy. According to the results, it seems that the teaching methods, design and planning of the English language course and the methods of evaluation and implementation of it require a fundamental change. Considering the key role of the professor, attention to the ability of the professors of the English language course is necessary.

Higher education as a professional system plays a substantial role in the teaching and transfer of moral values, which takes place through the curriculum and by the experienced professors. The aim of this study was to determine the current and the desirable status of observing professional ethics in teaching by faculty members from the viewpoint of students in Birjand University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2016-2017. In this cross-sectional study, 302 students who were studying at the University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2016-2017 were selected through randomized sampling based on their field of study and gender. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 69 items (4 main components and 17 sub-components) with items on the Likert scale. Its validity was confirmed by experts as 0.85 and its reliability was calculated by Chronbach’s alpha as 0.78. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS19 software using paired t test and t in two independent samples. The average score of the favorable condition of observing professional ethics of professors from students' point of view. 3.8± 0.73 and the average favorable condition for observance of professional values was 4.74 ± 0.77. There was a significant difference between the mean status of professional ethics in all of its components with favorable status (P <0.05). This study indicated a significant difference between the current and the desired status of professional ethics and its components in teaching; therefore, it can be admitted that universities need to plan for the teaching of professional ethics to professors and for cultural development in this field.

Although the impact of psychological capital has long been taken into consideration, but today, understanding the relationship between psychological capital and scientific optimism is considered a necessity. In this study, the psychological structure was studied as a mediator variable in the relationship between organizational capital optimism and psychological capital was studied. This study is descriptive-survey based on the data collection method. In this study, 290 students of Farhangian University were studied as a statistical sample using simple random sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire. the reliability of the instruments measured using Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability and validity of the instruments was determined using a convergent and divergent validity method. Structural equations and Smart PLS2 software were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that psychological capital and academic optimism respectively: Prognosis and consequence of psychological atmosphere are considered and scientific optimism with the resilience component has a negative and positive relationship with the components of self-efficacy, hope and optimism (P<0.05). Overall, results indicated that 44 percent of academic optimism changes are directly explained by the components of psychological capital and 45 percent of the scientific, indirect and optimistic changes through the psychological climate mediator variable. The research has provided important theoretical and empirical findings for future research on academic education and optimism, and also suggests that student perception of the psychological climate is a requirement for scientific optimism.

Self-efficacy means an individuals perception of his ability to perform an activity and educational engagement is the quality of an effort that individuals spend on purpose-oriented activities. Both variables are the most important indicators of the quality of education. Therefore, in this study, in addition to comparing these indices in two universities such as Birjand University of Medical Sciences and Teachers university, the predictive value of these indicators in the academic performance of students has been studied. This study is a descriptive-comparative research. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students entering the years 2014-17 of the University of Medical Sciences and University of Teachers. a sample size, According to the Cochran formula, 180 students were selected by stratified random sampling method. A two-part questionnaire including self-efficacy questionnaire and academic engagement was used to collect data. students performance was also measured based on their overall grade. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 24), using Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests, t and regression. In this study, totally 180 students with an average age of 20.7 ± 1.27 were from teacher students (110) and medical students (70). Comparison of the average of academic self-efficacy showed that teacher students had higher academic self-efficacy (P <0.001). There was no significant difference in the comparison of educational involvement among the two groups (P = 0.476). Beta coefficient of academic self-efficacy in medical students has a larger contribution to predicting academic performance. The results of this study showed that the academic self-efficacy variable is one of the predictors of academic performance. Also, due to the findings, more and deeper research is needed on academic self-efficacy variables and academic engagement in the two groups.

Lack of attention to curriculum planning or reliance on traditional methods will limit the opportunity to use different methods of educational planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the three–semester planning for the academic year in the nursing course and finding out its weaknesses and strengths in medical universities. In this descriptive-comparative study, nursing undergraduate course planning base on its educational curriculum was compared in two different (two versus three semester) scenarios. In both scenarios, the educational time per week was 40 hours. According to the distribution of the number of weeks of education, the average educational hours of students in both scenarios were equal and were about 5 hours. The number of teaching days, exams, and inter-term holidays in the two-semester scenario is lower than the three-semester scenario and direct education of students in both scenarios accounts for only 50% of the year's day. In the trimester scenario, the number of course units were less and the teaching hours per unit was higher. The teaching staff activities in trimester planning had more balanced distribution versus semester planning. Recommendation of two or three semester planning has advantages and disadvantages that can be beneficial or inadequate for different academic disciplines and curricula on the basis of education and training potential of the universities.