پژوهشنامه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی
پیاپی 21 (زمستان 1396)

One of the most basic issues in pistachio orchard, pollination is suitable inoculation.
Therefore, with regard to non-compliance with the ratio of male to female as well as due to the low yield of pistachio trees in Qazvin province, Artificial pollination ( Supplementary) in pistachio orchards studied. In this experiment, two varieties of local-causing pollen that are Pollinators on different spray three Cultivars of Owhadi Qazvini, Akbari was used.
The test has two factor , a factor Cultivars (kaleh bozy, Owhadi, Akbari) on 3 levels and the pollen donor (A, B and Free) in three levels, a total of 9 treatments in 3 replications of each unit with a choice of two clusters of flowers in two north and a total of 54 South split plot experimental unit was.
Finally, after data entry operations, analysis of variance and Duncan mean comparison method were performed with SAS software and MSTATC.
The results showed that the number of supplementary pollination of fruit per cluster and the positive effects of the reduction of percentage blank. The best male tree pollen for pollination pollen local GA was at flowering 50%. Pollination not only are quantitative (number of flowers per cluster and the dry weight of pistachio kernel) increased, but also qualitative characteristics such as percent blind respectively in pistachio Akbari, Owhadi and kaleh bozy reduced.

Evaluate promising in terms of farmers under the farm (research promotion), is one of the most basic steps to introduce a number of lines in farm conditions necessary compatibility of the new varieties are introduced. In this experiment, four genotypes of wheat in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations (world-Abad village, leather city of city functions J. Abad) 93-1393 was carried out under conditions of salinity in the crop year. Evaluate promising treatments consisted of three lines (MS-89-13, MS-90-15 and MS-89-12) that in the sham salt tolerant wheat (Narin) to evaluate the effect of salinity on seed yield components in performance review respectively. Combined analysis of data in two locations represent very significant differences between cultivars yielded the advanced 1% and wheat to plant height, number of grains per spike, peduncle length, seed weight, harvest index performance was not permanent. Comparison showed that grain yield two new lines in higher than controls. Due to low performance variances of the two lines (MS-89-13 and MS-90-15) as the most stable lines yielded high-performance MS-90-15 was known relatively stable. Line also has a long peduncle length, of the rather large spike, grain weight average grain yield was high.

The results of several studies in Iran and the world indicated that rain-fed autumn and winter sown chickpea yield were superior to conventional spring sown due to increased vegetative and reproductive stage length and increased utilization of soil moisture and precipitation and so change the planting season of the crop is running in many parts of the country. In order to evaluate the possibility of sowing chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in autumn in North Khorasan, this experiment was conducted with seven cold tolerant chickpea genotypes and a local check cultivar in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two regions, viz. Sisab (in Bojnourd) and Lojali (in Shirvan). The results of the present study revealed that in the field in Lojali the highest seed yield belonged to SEL93TH24460 and FLIP 97-211C lines with 279.8 Kg/ha and 278.3 Kg/ha, respectively and local check in this region had the lowest seed yield (179.1 Kg/ha), in addition to high yield, FLIP 97-211C had the highest plant height and 100-seed weight. In Sisab region the highest seed yield (188 Kg/ha) belonged to FLIP 00-82C and the lowest seed yield (117 Kg/ha) belonged to FLIP 00-75C. It is necessary to point out that the latter line had the highest plant height and it was also the late flowering and maturing line of the present experiment. Low precipitation, extreme cold without snow cover in the region, and eventually severe drought stress and heat in the end of season caused a drop in yield. Relatively good survival of some genotypes in this experiment under mentioned condition, with further studies in incoming years, obtaining genotypes siutable for Autum sowing is promising

In order to evaluation of compatibility of rapeseed promising line seven genotypes were evaluated based on randomized complete block design with three replications in in two regions including Shavylasht (mid-land) and Kiasar (Mountain) on farm conditions during 2010-2011 cropping seasons. The results of combined analysis of variance revealed that the genotypes had significant difference for days to flowering, days to end of flowering, duraition of flowering, days to maturity, plant hieght, pods per plant, seeds per pod and seed yield. All the traits were significantly affected by environments. The genotypes includihg G1, G2 and G6 with seed yield of 2595, 2044 and 2190 kg ha-1, respectively had high average seed yield in two environments and also G2 and G6 were classified the same statistical group. Average seed yield of the genotypes were 2159 and 1762 kg ha-1 in Shavylasht and Kiasar, respectively and also were classified in two separate statistical groups. In this study the genotypes including G1 and G6 with seed yield of 2860 and kg ha-1, respectively were considered superior genotypes in Shvylasht and Kiasar.

Nanotechnology is a new technology that is used in various fields of science such as agriculture. One of the sectors related to agriculture that this technique taken a step forward is livestock husbandry and their nutrition. Minerals are One of the most important and concerned area in livestock nutrition. Zinc is an important micromineral and have been conducted a lot of research on the use of nanotechnology in livestock nutrition on it. Particle size of nanoparticles of zinc oxide is between 1 to 100 nm. It promote growth, increases production, and is effective on immunity and reproduction. Because of the high bioavailability of zinc oxide nanoparticles, these supplements compared with the usual sources can be used in small amounts in animal rations and reduces the concerns about environmental pollution. However determination of the consumption level in livestock diets need to more complementary studies. Material presented in this paper Surveys the feasibility of using the Zn nanoparticles as a dietary supplement in livestock nutrition.

The overall goal of this study was to investigate the barriers to advance organic farming in Hormozgan province from the perspective of farmers and agricultural experts are Bastak city. Methods, survey research and descriptive – correlational. The research included 100 farmers and agricultural experts in 1393 who were selected randomly. The main research tool was a questionnaire which its validity and reliability was confirmed by surveys of experts and SPSS software. In this study, three factors inhibiting the advance organic farming from the perspective of farmers and experts examined the factors include economic barriers, obstacles and barriers to knowledge and information is insight. Results indicated that economic barriers in priority. Also there is significant positive correlation between economic barriers and to the advance organic farming. The results of vision barriers is the same.In this study, the professional profile and advance the process of organic farming from the perspective of farmers and experts there. Age has a negative correlation with organic farming. Education and familiarity with organic farming, had significant positive correlation.

Use of resources such as extension and education services to improve farmers' way of thinking. Therefore, encouraging farmers to use these services need to review the current situation and the factors associated with attitude them. This study, cross-correlation analysis to Measuring attitude of Takestan city grape growers to preparation raisin and relation to the use of extention and education services by them was conducted in 1391. Statistical Society of the study, the 2462 of Takestan Central City section grape growers that the number 240 of whom are using the Cochran formula and random stratified sampling method in grape production area under cultivation as a statistical sample. The validity of the measurement tool using the opinions of experts in this field and Preliminary test its reliability through Cronbach's alpha, respectively, for attitude and training services and promoting equality 0/87 and 0/92 respectively. To analyze the data was used SPSS 18 software. The results of the study indicated generally favorable attitude of the grape growers and relatively neutral in relation to the preparation of raisins. level of use grape growers from extension and education services was moderate and accountability in the 13 most important source of information your experiences cited source of information. On the other hand between attitude toward preparation of raisin grape and variables such as level of education, extention and education services and communication and sources of information were obtained relationship that relationship between attitude and variables source of information and education was significant.

Uncontrolled exploitation life of Fraxinus persica Boiss are threatened by the need to restore the forest reveals. The cause of good reasons for the lack of natural regeneration of the forest plantation at Shirkouh -Tabas, the present study aims to investigate the chilling treatment, putting the seeds in the layer of moist sand, treated embed seed layer of moist sand in the dry seeds and fresh a yellowish and control on their seeds. Also according to the different years were used in the treatment of seeds, the seeds each year as a stand-alone treatment was considered. This study is based on a randomized complete block with 7 treatments (5 replicates for each treatment), respectively. For statistical analysis software R and Duncan (0.01 %) was used for comparison of different treatments. The results showed that treatments for shallow burial, chilling, and place in moist sand layer (seed every two years) of germination, seedling emergence rate and field emergence index and germination energy and germination value was low. But treatment embed seeds in moist sand layer with 74.2 % germination, a significant difference was observed at all.

Haloxylon has an important role in the stability of natural ecosystems in arid regions in which excessive destruction of this species will cause instability. Haloxylon seed feeder moth, Proceratia caesariella Rog., is it's most important pest and causes heavy damage on it, annually. This study was conducted as a case study in Boin Zahra area. The time of emergence of pest moths and its population fluctuation was determined by light traps. A concentration of 2 kg Dimilin per 1000 liters of water was sprayed on Haloxylon in a 0.5 hectare plot, 3 times. To assess the effect of pesticide, sampling was done by taking 350 seeds from selected Haloxylon shrubs, randomly. The results showed that the first moth was trapped on September 8. Pest population peak was observed on October 8 and total of pest's activity period was 40 days. The results also showed that Haloxylon damaged seeds percent in sprayed and unsprayed plots were 24.85 and 92% respectively, which represents the desirable effect of Dimilin to control the pest larvae.

In some references, the origin and emergence of durum wheat in the western regions of Iran has been mentioned. Its cultivated area in Iran is about 250-400 thousand hectares, presently. Unfortunately, in Iran it not paid much attention to durum wheat in comparison with some neighbor countries, such as Turkey, which is about 50% of the area under durum wheat cultivation id in the cold regions. Durum breeding researches have been started in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) during the growing season of 1974-75 and the results indicated that there is a suitable potential in the field of adaptation to drought, resistance to cold and diseases etc. in the durum breeding populations. Considering that the amount of macaroni protein and similar products extracted from durum wheat is more than rice and its calorie and mineral content is approximately equal to rice, therefore, the development of the durum wheat cultivated area under drylands, replace and change the pattern of consumption of macaroni instead of rice, it will save on economical, nutritional and health benefits of nutrition for the population, and would be optimum and optimal use of the capacity of drylands in the cold regions of the Iran.

The temperature is one of the factors that can influence of the growth of crops including wheat. In this study, heat indices such as growing degree days, heliothermal unit, heat use efficiency and phenothermal index was calculated for ten irrigated wheat cultivars includes Gonbad, Morvarid, N-87-20, N- 90-7, N-91-8, N-91-9, N-91-10, N-91-17, Tiger and Natasha in Gonbad City in 2014. The highest yield was observed to N-90-7 variety and the lowest yield was to N-91-10 variety. Analysis variance showed that there was no significant difference in yield between Gonbad and Morvarid, N-87-20, N-91-9 ,N-91-17 and N-90-7, Natasha varieties. Also, it was found that there was a positive significant correlation at 0.01 level between wheat yield and heat use efficiency. On the other hand, Heliothermal unit and Phenothermal index has no significant effect on wheat yield. On the other hand, there was a negative correlation between GDD recived at the time of first node formation and value of grain yield. This study showed that N-90-7 and Natasha varieties has high potential to make good use of thermal energy, but N-87-20 variety was weak in this context.

In order to study of relationships between some agronomic characteristics and their influences on grain yield of barley, two experiments based on randomized complete block carried out under different irrigation regimes (without drought stress and with terminal drought stress) using fifteen genotypes at Ahar region in East Azarbaijan province. Results showed that there were significant differences between genotypes in all studied traits (spike length, maturity days, plant height, 1000 kernel weight, number of seeds per spike, fertile spike number per 1 m2 and grain yield). Results based on characteristics means under two environments and using stepwise regression, with grain yield as the dependent variable, plant height and number of seeds in spike entered in the model that 76% of variations in grain yield were justified by them. Path coefficients analysis for grain yield using characteristics means under two environments showed that, plant height and number of seeds per spike were the most important and effective traits on the grain yield. Therefore and according to the results, noticing to these traits recommended for selecting genotypes with high yielding potential in barley.