نشریه راهبردهای توسعه روستایی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، تابستان 1397)

The marketing of agricultural products has become increasingly important with the transition from traditional agriculture to the new stage, and given the fact that the centers of consumption of fish are far from the production areas, most of which are in the peripheral and rural areas. Considering the economic importance of fish in the country's economy and considering global competition in agricultural products and the high capacity of fish production, this study examines the marketing margin of fish and its impact on employment and attracting villagers to this profession. Data and information was collected through questionnaires from 232 salmon producers, 25 wholesale and 60 retailers in Ahwaz in 1395. In this study, data was collected by the markup-up model. The results showed that the margins of total marketing, wholesale and retail sales per kg of fish were 158585, 38268, and 120317 Rials, respectively. Also, with an increase in retail prices and the cost of marketing services, the marketing margin will increase by 89% and 0.31 units, respectively. The marketing cost coefficient of 29% of trout showed that marketing costs for salmon in Ahwaz were 29% of the average price per kilo of trout. Based on the estimated model, retail prices and marketing costs have a direct and significant relationship with producer income and have a reverse and significant relationship with the marketing margin of fish.

The present study is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Smallholding and Rural Production Cooperative Utilization Systems in crops production. The statistical population of the study is the farmers in the Khusf county of the South Khorasan province. This study is applied in purpose and analytical in nature. It uses the descriptive –analytical method along with a survey approach. The data collection instrument was a researcher made questionnaire and the required data have been collected with a sample of 207 farmers from Smallholding and 38 farmers of Rural Production Cooperatives. The samples were selected using the stratified random sampling method and were analyzed using the data envelopment analysis method. The results indicate the relative superiority of the operating system of the cooperative production versus the Smallholding utilization system based on the technical efficiency measures and scale efficiency. The average technical efficiency and scale in the operating system of cooperative production are respectively 0.98, 0.94 and in the Smallholding utilization system respectively 0.65 and 0.81, respectively. The Mann - Whitney test showed the average yield and net income of crops in rural production cooperatives is more and significantly difference from Smallholding utilization system. Overall, the results indicate the relative superiority of cooperative farming to smallholder system based on technical and economic efficiency criteria.

Human habitats have always been subject to change considering the available construction space as well as internal and external processes evolved. The rural settlements, as part of the geographic system, which consist of components related to each other, are influenced by the position of the place - space, interaction or communication (internal and external local, regional and national scale) and they are always subject to changes in the structure and functioning of rural areas in different regions. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and a large field study, documentary and library method are used to collect information. In order to investigate the structural-functional changes in these villages, indicators were selected in different dimensions (environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic-livelihoods, physical, physical), which were estimated by random sampling of 317 samples. The questionnaire was used by residents of rural households whose validity was confirmed by some experts. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.77) was used to determine the reliability of the main scale of the questionnaire. After completing the questionnaire, information analysis and hypothesis testing were evaluated using t-test and spearman correlation and the difference between these indices in rural development. The results show that the environmental - ecological villages saw an increase in deep wells, reducing the discharge of springs and aqueducts, changes in land use and the social dimension with increased migration and immigration, the government policies, the economics and these have affected rural habitats.

Human habitats have always been subject to change considering the available construction space as well as internal and external processes evolved. The rural settlements, as part of the geographic system, which consist of components related to each other, are influenced by the position of the place - space, interaction or communication (internal and external local, regional and national scale) and they are always subject to changes in the structure and functioning of rural areas in different regions. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and a large field study, documentary and library method are used to collect information. In order to investigate the structural-functional changes in these villages, indicators were selected in different dimensions (environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic-livelihoods, physical, physical), which were estimated by random sampling of 317 samples. The questionnaire was used by residents of rural households whose validity was confirmed by some experts. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.77) was used to determine the reliability of the main scale of the questionnaire. After completing the questionnaire, information analysis and hypothesis testing were evaluated using t-test and spearman correlation and the difference between these indices in rural development. The results show that the environmental - ecological villages saw an increase in deep wells, reducing the discharge of springs and aqueducts, changes in land use and the social dimension with increased migration and immigration, the government policies, the economics and these have affected rural habitats.

In achieving sustainable livelihoods in rural areas, the need for accurate and complete identification of factors affecting the process of formation and development of rural areas is necessary. In this regard, identification and evaluation of criteria and indicators of sustainable rural livelihoods can be promising. In this study, it has been tried to identify and evaluate the criteria and indicators of rural sustainable livelihood in the country through a comprehensive review of the library resources and existing records. For this purpose, factors influencing rural sustainable livelihood were formulated in the form of a group of criteria, and indicators for each criterion. In the next step by using the Delphi method and using normalized importance coefficient, the indices were screened. Based on the results, the economic criterion group with the highest Normalized Importance coefficient (0.338) was identified as the most important criterion group. Two income and cost and water resources criteria with normalized importance coefficient 0.720 and 0.070 are more important than the other criteria, and then the employment and health of the society criteria are at the next levels. Among the indicators of sustainable livelihoods, household income index is ranked first with the normalized importance coefficient 0.0084. And two indicators of assets and household expenses are ranked second with the same importance coefficient (0.0081).

In this study, the potential of using wind power in Torbat Heydarieh and the surrounding villages was evaluated, and the necessity of creating a windbreak in the rural areas of this city has been investigated. Due to the existence of wind power site in Neyshabour, the potential of wind power in Torbat Heydarieh and its surrounding villages has been investigated by comparing wind speed between Torbat Heydarieh and Neyshabour. Therefore, the wind velocity graphs between Torbat Heydarieh and Neyshabour during 11 years were drawn to analyze the wind speed (as the wind power), which have shown the comparison. Moreover, the necessity of building a wind power unit in the villages around Torbat Heydarieh and its direct and indirect effects on sustainable development of the village were analyzed. The wind speeds were compared in the two cities by using the point – line data of the Meteorological Organization. Each point represents the average of monthly data, and each line represents the daily change in wind speed. Data was taken in eight hours during a day. By analyzing the wind velocity at 32120 consecutive times, it was found that: The means wind speed in the Torbat Heydarieh during the last 11 years (2006 to 2016) are always greater than the maximum wind speed in Neyshabour. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that the Torbat Heydarieh, especially the villages on its outskirts, has the potential to build a power plant for using wind power.

As one of the most important factors on the earth, water is important for drinking as well as other human and natural-related uses. Thus, in most countries, water scarcity has become a serious crisis. Therefore, management of and conservation of water resources have been of great importance. Iran is considered as an arid and semi-arid country in the world, which necessitates paying more attention to these valuable resources. Wetlands are one of the most important water sources in the country. Jazmoryan wetland is one of the important wetlands in the country, which has faced considerable damages because of several reasons such as insufficient rainfall, occurrence of drought in the region, upstream dam construction, and lack of providing water use right. Considering the importance and key role of this wetland in agriculture and preserving the ecosystem in the region, in this research the restoration and conservation value of Jazmourian wetland and the willingness to accept and willingness to reduce planting of the farmers in the western basin of this wetland was estimated in two separate patterns for the restoration and protection of the wetland using contingent valuation method. According to the results of both patterns, the variables of education and residential location have a positive impact on the probability of accepting the area under cultivation and the proposed monetary value in order to participate in reduced planting plan, while the variables of household size, household expenses, land ownership, marital status, and the value of area under cultivation have a negative impact on the probability of accepting the area under cultivation and the proposed monetary value. Also, the planting area which farmers voluntarily accept to reduce planting and participate in the reduced planting plan, is equivalent to 0.435 ha per farmer and 264 ha in the whole region. Also, willingness to accept in order to reduce area under planting per ha and participation in the reduced planting plan for each farmer and whole study area in the region was estimated to be 355.69 million Rails and 2030 billion Rails, respectively.

The distribution of facilities in villages reflects the level of development of the regions and the equilibrium in the spatial distribution of facilities can also express the rural population's access to such facilities. Given that in the developing countries, most of the population live in rural areas, recognizing the structural characteristics of the level of development and awareness of the capacities and environmental abilities of each region is important. In order to solve the problems caused by regional imbalances, the first step is to recognize and classify regions in terms of social, economic and service spheres in the regional development planning process. The bottlenecks and limitations of the regions are recognized and can be resolved. In this regard, the main objective of this research was to study the development or deprivation of villages in the Qazvin province. To achieve this goal, a descriptive-analytical method and a Scalogram model have been used. The development of villages in the Qazvin province has been studied and analyzed using 41 indicators including educational, commercial, cultural, health-therapeutic, infrastructure and other sectors. The results indicate that among the 46 ranked villages in the Qazvin province, Piriyosofian that is one of the villages of Alborz city has ranked first at the top of the table and the village of Alamot down in Qazvin city is in the last rank in the table. Then, according to the results obtained, the villages are divided into four categories: privileged, relatively privileged, semi-privileged and deprived. The deprived villages are located in Qazvin and Avaj, and the more developed villages are located in the city of Buin Zahra.