فصلنامه جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
پیاپی 28 (پاییز 1397)

Rangelands not only contribute to forage production, but also play an important role in terms of sustaining environment and habitats, by production (medicine plants), biodiversity, soil and water conservation, curtailing greenhouse gasses as well as enhancement of truisms industry. However, rangelands, particularly winter-side ranges are suffering from improper utility, converting to other land uses (mainly rain-fed lands) and fire burning. The preset study, which was conducted in the Ghasreshirin (Kermanshah, Iran), aims to to evaluate the effects of rehabilitation measures on vegetation and soil. The measures were selected as the experimental treatments including Furrowing-Pitting-Preservation (FPP), Pitting, Brush- planting- Preservation (PBP), Grazing Management (GM) and Current Utility (CU). The characteristic of vegetation including biomass production, capacity, trend, condition were assessed using both transect and quadrate performance. Soil sampling also carried out from soil surface (0-10 cm) and subjected to soil analysis mainly texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), calcite (TNV) and soil organic carbon (SOC). The statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences for some variables among treatments. Thus, forage production in PBP was significant higher level (551 kgha-1) compared to CU treatment (196 kgha-1). Furthermore, the respective values of SOC in the first, second, third and fourth treatments were 0.82, 0.90, 0.86 and 0.38 percent, indicating the effect of measures on SOC enhancement in the study area, while there was higher in PBP treatment. By and large, we can prioritize the effective treatments for sustaining rangeland FPP, PBP and GM, respectively. These rangelands are being degraded through over utility of these rangelands and converting them to other land uses. Moreover, these rangelands are located at the geological marls formation (Aghajari Formation) inducing a soil with high level of silt content and subsequently susceptible to wind erosion where subjected to overgrazing and converting to other land uses. This situation may attributes to severe water and wind erosion as well as desertification making sources for dust blowing and other environmental impacts.
Extended Abstract
1- Rangelands cover most parts of lands worldwide. In Iran, rangeland includes 54% of country area in which 1.2 million ha is located in Kermanshah Province. However, rangelands are suffering from improper management and utilization activities, impacting environmental hazards and unsustainable activities at the local, regional and global scale. Considering relevant literature review and research results, both soil and vegetation of rangelands are negatively affected by improper grazing (early and heavy grazing) and management that can be curtailed through rangeland rehabilitation measures mainly grazing management, seed sowing, furrowing, pitting and runoff harvesting. ), the objective of this research which was conducted in the Ghasreshirin Kermanshah, Iran, was to evaluate the effects of rehabilitation measures on vegetation and soil characteristics.
2- The study site (Chegha-hamam) is located in Ghasreshirin, west Kermanshah province, Iran representing the winter rangelands within province. The mean annual rainfall is about 300 mm, thus Salsola regedula and annual species are dominant vegetation. The rehabilitations practices were measured based on range management projects that was planned and lunched by Natural Resources Office of Kermanshah province during 2010-12. In this study, each measure supposed as an experimental measure comprise furrowing + shrub planting (FSP), pitting + shrub planting (PSP), grazing system management (GSM) and current improper grazing or control treatment (CT). The planted shrub was Atriplex sp. Total 32 soil samples were taken from surface layer (0-10 cm) and air-derided for soil analysis including soil organic carbon (Walky and Black method), particle size distribution (hydrometric method), carbonate (titration method), pH (saturated paste) and bulk density (natural core sample). The characteristic of vegetation including biomass production, capacity, trend, condition were assessed using both transect and quadrate performance.
3- Results explored that FSP, PSP and GSM contributed considerable improvement in vegetation cover compared with CT. Thus increasing in plant cover was found about 60% for Salsola regedula and Atriplex sp.in these treatments, while there was 395 in CT.Furthermore, plant litter also enhanced and soil bare was reduced as the consequent of plant cover. However, the hit of heavy and early grazing in CT caused negative rangeland trend and subsequently reduction in plant cover pattern mainly frequent of annual vegetation and accelerating soil erosion and compaction. The statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant difference for some SOC level among treatments. The higher level of SOC was found in PSP (0.90%) compared with CT (0.38%). In contrast there were no significant changes through treatments for electrical conductivity, pH, sand, silt and clay variables. In other hand, the furrowing and pitting did not affect these soil characteristics, while the change in plant cover, SOC and its sequestration was significant through treatments. The sequestered SOC in FSP, PSP, GSM and CT was 1043.91, 1145.60, 874.71 and 509.20 kg ha-1, respectively indicating higher level (p<0.05) in FSP compared to CT. Thus, biomechanical measure (furrowing and pitting) cause reduction in SOC emotion.
4- Considering these results, proper grazing and biomechanical measures attribute to significant increase in vegetation cover, plant litter and adversely reduction in bare soil. Although some chemical and physical soil characteristics were not affected by treatments, the SOC was improved followed by vegetation cover leading to the enhancement of SOC from 0.28% to 0.90%. Based on relevant literature reviews, most similar researches confirm the effects of proper management and soil conservation measures, particularly grazing management, furrowing, pitting and rainwater catchment on SOC stock and carbon sequestration.
By and large, we can prioritize the effective treatments for sustaining rangeland FPP, PBP and GM, respectively. These rangelands are being degraded through over utility of these rangelands and converting them to other land uses. Moreover, these rangelands are located at the geological marl formation (Aghajari Formation) inducing a soil with high level of silt content and subsequently susceptible to wind erosion where subjected to overgrazing and converting to other land uses. This situation may attribute to severe water and wind erosion as well as desertification making sources for dust blowing and other environmental impacts.

Understanding drought-tolerant agricultural practices in Iran is of great importance and farmers use different ways to deal with the drought phenomenon. This survey research was conducted to identify these ways and their relationship with the individual and occupational characteristics of farmers. The population of the study consisted of the farmers in Shirvan County in Northern Khorasan province, in which 350 participants were studied using cluster random sampling method. The required information was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was approved by Kuder-Richardson method as 0.72. The findings from descriptive analysis showed that the first priority for coping strategy to drought was related to the “land reform measures”, while the last priority was related to “storage solutions”. Besides, “using pipe to transferring agricultural water”, “cooperation to create and develop a network of local irrigation and water supply" and "rain water harvesting using surface catchments" were the three important recommendations of farmers to combat drought in future. Among the nine studied ways, the use of pipe for transferring agricultural water, cooperation in the creation and development of irrigation and water supply networks, covering the surface of water reservoirs to prevent further evaporation, reducing the flood watering, faltering agricultural lands, use of local knowledge and information for drought management, removing plants along the path of the irrigation channel, creating jobs and sources of other income to reduce drought pressure and complying with local rules on water resource utilization have been the first priorities. The results from correlation test revealed that age and farming experience were not significantly correlated to use of drought coping strategies. However, the more the level of education and the amount of visits with extension agent increase, the more farmers' use of drought coping strategies increases.
Extended Abstract
1- Iran is located in a dry area of the world, and for years, the phenomenon of drought affects some parts or even the entire country. However, many areas of the country experienced severe droughts. The results of the census show that some of the villages in the country have been dwelling due to droughts. Drought coping methods of farmers are different depending usually on individual, economic, social, environmental, attitudinal, cultural and management factors. Review of studies shows a variety of drought management strategies among farmers. Hence, it is necessary to select and promote the best and most appropriate ways of coping with the drought phenomenon in each region with regard to social, economic and cultural characteristics. The purpose of this study was to identify the most important strategies used by farmers to deal with the drought phenomenon.
2- The research method used in this research is a field study and an applied research methods. The research method was descriptive and survey method was used. The study population included all farmers living in the Shirvan County (about 15 thousand people). Sampling was done by random cluster sampling. The required sample size was estimated by the Cochran formula with a 5% error rate as 335 farmers. The Shirvān County has three parts: Sarhad, Markazy and Ghoshkhaneh with 9 rural districts and 125 villages. For sampling, two rural districts of Sarhad, four rural districts of Markazy were randomlly select and then 40% of villages from each rural districts were selected (38 villages). Finally, 9 farmers were selected in each village and the total 350 farmers were interviewed. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire whose validity was verified by the experts of Agricultural Jihad Agriculture Organization of North Khorasan Province as well as the faculty members of Departments of Aagricultural Education and Extension, Water Engineering and Agronomy of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Reliability was confirmed by calculating the Kuder-Richardson coefficient (r=0.72). Data analysis was done by SPSS software.
3- This study showed that farmers have used different strategies to deal with drought. They also had different recommendations on how to use drought response strategies. Among the nine strategies of drought management, the solutions that have been used as a top priority by farmers are: using pipe for agricultural water transfer, cooperation in the creation and development of irrigation and water supply networks, coverage of water reservoirs to prevent further evaporation, reducing irrigation in the field, flatten agricultural land, using local people's experiences and knowledge to cope with drought, growing plants along the channel of the irrigation channel, creating a job and another source income to reduce drought pressure and, complying with local laws on the utilization of water resources. At the same time, the research showed that drought management strategies, which were among the first recommendations of farmers for future use, include: using tubes for agricultural water transfer, cooperation in the creation and development of irrigation and water supply networks, storing rain by creating rainwater damping, creating drip irrigation system in the farm, changing the shape and size of the farm in relation to the amount of water and irrigation, participating in training courses on drought, cultivating low-water demand products, using agricultural product insurance and the establishment of a local organization to monitor the correct use of agricultural water in the region. The results of this study showed that farmers' use of different ways of coping with drought is different from each other. Further analysis showed that land, educational and agrarian reform strategies are in the first to third priority, respectively, and in this regard, storage strategies are in the top priority. The results showed that the use of drought coping strategies is not dependent on age and agricultural work history, and farmers with higher education have used more drought management strategies. Moreover, the farmers with more own land have used more institutional and agronomic approaches than other farmers. In addition, farmers who have a second job have used more agricultural and supportive strategies. One of the reasons can be the effect of the second job on having access to income opportunities and resources, and more on the use of agro-protection strategies. The results showed that the use of all drought coping strategies has a direct and significant relationship with the number of farmers-extension agent contacts throughout the year. This indicates the importance of meeting extension agent and its effect on the use of drought combat strategies among farmers.
4- The present study identified 63 strategies used by farmers to deal with drought. These strategies can be categorized into 9 groups including storage, modern, increased utilization, support, protection, institutional, agricultural, educational and land reforming approaches. Identifying these strategies, it is possible to have a better study of the methods used by farmers to deal with drought. The present study showed that farmers do not use the same methods of drought coping while "land reclamation solutions” are in their priority. In this regard, "storage solutions" are in the last priority. Also, “using pipe to transferring agricultural water”, “cooperation to create and develop a network of local irrigation and water supply" and "rain water harvesting using surface catchments" were the three important recommendations of farmers to combat drought in future. The results showed that age and farming experience were not significantly correlated to use drought coping strategies. But the education level and farmer-extension agent contact had positive and significant correlations with the amount used coping strategies with drought. Providing the necessary support in order to help farmers in using the widely used methods, as well as paying attention to farmers' recommended methods for dealing with drought, are the suggestions of the present research.

Although the quaternary period is a very short period among the periods of geology, it is important for geomorphologists. The main objectives of this article are to provide the best method to estimate the ELA, analyze the effect of the change of latitude and the direction of terrains on ELA and finally, draw a map showing Quaternary glacial regions of the Zagros geomorphic unit. First, more than 2000 cirques points in Zagros units were identified according to the form of the equilibrium lines on topographic maps of 1:50000. The terrains protraction of the Zagros causes the formation of glacier cirques in the northeastern-southwestern directions. Due to the extent of the study area, at first, ELA was estimated in the basins separately. The Zagros geomorphic unit is a very mountainous and upland unit, in which northeastern parts are higher than southeastern Zagros. According to the main protraction of the Zagros, from the northwest to the southeast, Cirque forms are formed in the northeastern and southwestern slopes. ELA was estimated by Wright, Cirque-floor altitude, Terminus-to-Head, Altitude Ratios, and Altitude ratios methods. The analysis of the estimated ELA indicates that ELA is more realistic by the Altitude Ratios method, the point of view of the number and the effect on the surface on the ELA difference. The extent of the Zagros in the latitude has led to the ELA difference of its various parts so that ELA of the southernmost basin 661 meters is higher than the northernmost basin. The average of ELA of the Zagros is 2719m. In total, ELA of the Nesar slopes was 2561 m and the Negar slopes were 2822m. The analysis of the effect of the slope and height of the peak on ELA indicate that the effect of these factors on Negar slopes is greater than the Nesar slopes.
Extended Abstract
1- Although the quaternary period is a very short period among the periods of geology, it is important for geomorphologists who examine surface forms of the earth in relation to internal and external processes. During this period, the climate has changed several times. Such changes have led to forms at the surface of the earth that are not consistent with current processes (Jafari, 2016). In the mutation and evolution of terrains, glaciers and per glacial and glacial period rule have played an important role in the processing and evolution of evolution, as during the glacial periods, the accumulation of large amounts of snow and ice on the slopes and during the per glacial periods, the melting of these ice masses has a significant role for domains (Yamani et al, 2013). The main objectives of this article are to provide the best method to estimate the ELA, analyze the effect of the change of latitude and the direction of terrains on ELA and finally, draw a map showing quaternary glacial regions of the Zagros geomorphic unit.
2- First, more than 2000 cirques points in Zagros units were identified according to the form of the equilibrium lines on topographic maps of 1:50000. The terrains protraction of the Zagros (northwestern-southeastern) causes the formation of glacier cirques in the northeastern-southwestern directions. Because of the extent of the study area, firstly, ELA was estimated in the basins separately. The West boundary, Karkheh, Karun and Bakhtegan-Maharlou basins are located in this unit fully, but the western part of the Abarugo-Sirjan basins are located in the Zagros and its eastern part is located in Central Iran, Therefore, the cirques in the eastern of Abarugo-Sirjan was not used to estimate ELA. ELA was estimated by Wright, Cirque-floor altitude, Terminus-to-Head, Altitude Ratios and Altitude ratios methods.
3- The Zagros geomorphic unit is a very mountainous and upland unit, in which northeastern parts (high Zagros) are higher than southeastern Zagros. According to the main protraction of the Zagros, from the northwest to the southeast, Cirque forms are formed in the northeastern and southwestern slopes. Due to the extent of the Zagros, estimating ELA in a single stage for the whole geomorphic unit is not appropriate; therefore, the first, ELA was estimated in the basins. Considering such conditions, 2366 cirques were identified in this unit (Fig. 2). An adaptation of the identified cirques with the lithology layer and according to their drawn longitudinal profile analysis of the Porter method was considered 753 cirques as pseudo-cirques. According to the data of the 1613 remaining cirques, ELA was estimated by different methods. The analysis estimated ELA indicates that ELA by the Altitude Ratios method, the point of view of the number and the effect on the surface on the ELA difference is more realistic. The extent of the Zagros in the latitude has led to the ELA difference of its various parts, so that ELA of the southernmost basin (Bakhtegan-Maharlou) 661 meters is higher than the northernmost basin (West boundary). The average of ELA of the Zagros is 2719 meters. In total, ELA of the Nesar slopes was 2561 m and the Negar slopes were 2822 m (261 m height difference). The analysis of the effect of the slope and height of the peak on ELA indicates that the effect of these factors on Negar slopes is greater than the Nesar slopes.
4- In the Zagros geomorphic unit, 64 percent of the cirques are in the northeast direction and 36 percent in the southwest direction. The proposed methods for ELA in Zagros are not the same, and this difference is due to differences in the parameters of the methods. Among the methods used to estimate ELA, a method has been introduced as a suitable method that, in addition to the acceptable elevation, the ELA difference is reflected in different slopes well. Usually, ELA in the Negar slopes (south, southwest, west) is greater than the Nesar slopes (north, northeast, east), but the ELA which was estimated in some of the methods applied in this unit (Wright's methods, Cirque-floor altitude, Terminus-to-Head Altitude Ratios) have shown the inverse result. Therefore, according to the results, they cannot be used to estimate the ELA. The estimates of ELA by Altitude Ratios method, same about the amount and same of the ELA difference in different directions seem more realistic and reasonable. Analyzing ELA estimated by different methods in the basins of the Zagros indicates that ELA is estimated by Altitude Ratios methods to be more consistent with the environmental conditions introducing the best method to estimate the ELA for this geomorphic unit. Based on this method, the average of ELA the whole unit is 2719 meters, and the height difference between the Nesar slopes and the Negar slopes is 261 meters. Existing differences can also be attributed to the views of researchers at the time of identifying past cirques and the method of estimating the ELA. It can also result from the influence of environmental factors such as the difference and direction of the slope and the highest peak in the region.

The continuous utilization of renewable natural resources involves identifying the ecological potential of the land in any environment, and this identification, with the help of optimal and programmed management, enables the use of resources and prevents environmental degradation.
The national natural monuments of Dehloran, in the form of three important national natural effects, including mineral hot springs, natural bitumen springs and bat cave, can provide a suitable platform to attract ecotourism in the region. Therefore, promotion of ecotourism in the area is considered as a supportive tool for conservation and a tool to facilitate its management. Regarding this issue, in this study, the ecological potential of this region has been evaluated for ecotourism use. Ecological capability of these monuments for ecotourism use has been evaluated. After data collection and basic studies, the important criteria of soil, climate, physiographic and vegetation cover are selected. Then, multiple criteria evaluation of FUZZY AHP and ANP methods have been used for standardization and weighting of criteria. Finally, environmental unit map of ecological capability for ecotourism was prepared using Makhdom model and WLC. The results indicated that in FUZZY AHP method, 80 percent of the area is suitable for ecotourism which is more close to reality, but ANP method shows 62 percent accordance. The main result of this research is that FUZZY AHP is more flexible which is powerful for creating ecotourism capability map of such area.
Extended Abstract
1- Ecotourism travels responsibly and sustainably are based on relatively untouched areas in nature to satisfy psychological needs which provide the basis for socio-economic participation, local communities, and have the least negative impact on nature and natural resources. Tourism with the ecotourism approach is considered as a pattern of tourism in nature. This spatial pattern involves the approach of tourists to the natural environment, with different motivations that the tourist is considered in traveling to the natural environment or nature. In the studies of land capability and land use planning for sustainable development, data and maps of various ecological, economic, social and infrastructural parameters are needed for the identification, preparation, analysis and evaluation of them with traditional methods, especially when it comes to multi-purpose use, it is very complicated and time consuming. National natural monuments of Dehloran, including mineral hot springs, natural bitumen springs and bat cave with their natural attractions can provide a suitable platform for tourism attraction in the region, Therefore, promoting ecotourism in the region is considered as a supportive tool for conservation and a tool to facilitate its management.
2- Iran's ecological model of ecotourism in general represents a three-story power which has been organized within the framework of equations, linear programming. In this model, gradually from class one to class three, the quality and flexibility of land is unsuitable for ecotourism. The present study is based on the ecological parameters (physical and biological) to assess the ecological capability of agriculture land use including physiographic (percent slope) (So), precipitation (Cp), temperature (Ct), distance from water sources (Wc), soil depth (Pd), soil erosion (Es), soil structure (Ps), soil texture (Pte), soil drainage (Pdr) and vegetation types (Vgo). The weighing of information layers is done using the methods of network analysis and fuzzy AHP analysis. After the preparation and preparation of the information layers, the information layers were entered into the geographic information system as a grid and the initial spatial analysis was performed on them. The fuzzy method was then used to determine the membership function. The weights obtained from both methods were applied to the fuzzy layers. Then, to combine the layers, the model of overlapping index or linear weight composition was used.
3- Using the GIS on the slope of the linear reduction subscription function, the trajectory linear membership function layer and the temperature layer, an incremental linear membership function was applied. Based on the final zoning map of the total area of the region, about 57% is recognized as first class and about 38% in third class for tourism. Through the network analysis process and in the fuzzy AHP method, 5% is recognized as first class and about 16% in third class. In the process of network analysis, the slope has the highest impact and aspect has the minimum impact on the study area which is consistent with the results of Aghdar et al. (2017). Moreover, in the fuzzy AHP method, among the main criteria, vegetation density has the highest and climate has the least effect. Among the soil criteria, under construction criteria and depth, respectively, have the highest and the least impact. According to the final maps, obtained from both methods and their analysis in Google Earth software, regions that are similar in all respects are in the same class in the fuzzy AHP method and in the network analysis process, they are in two different classes, which is not compatible with the existing reality. Using Google Earth software and field observations in the study area, it can be concluded that the results obtained from the fuzzy AHP method are more consistent with the reality of the region. The results also indicate that not only is there a case for expanding tourism activities in the region, but also the conditions of the region for ecotourism are good; it is a more obvious result in the fuzzy AHP method.
4- The identification of suitable areas and those with the potential to develop ecotourism in the areas managed by the department of the environment is considered very important for sustainable use of natural resources. The study area in terms of tourism, regional, national and international aspects, is an excellent location with good planning principles and the conditions can be provided to attract ecotourism. Thus, promoting ecotourism in the region, is considered as a safety net to protect and as tools to facilitate the management of national natural monuments of Dehloran. Fuzzy AHP method results indicated the efficacy of this method for studying land use, particularly in the studies of ecological capability evaluation.

Monitoring soil surface moisture, as a crucial factor in water and energy cycles, is of great importance in water and soil resource management. This important factor varies dramatically in time and space due to variability in soil characteristics, topography, vegetation, and dynamic nature of the climate. Any change in soil moisture can have an immediate effect on runoff, soil erosion, and plant productivity. Soil moisture is considered as a decisive factor in plant growth. Moreover, a decrease in soil moisture results in an increase in the dust of desert regions. Remote sensing methods can provide continuous soil moisture information on a large scale with acceptable accuracy. In the current study, applying data from Landsat 8 satellite image, different soil surface moisture estimation methods were studied. In order to assess the precision of each method, 80 samples of volumetric soil surface moisture were taken from the vicinity of Semnan province on the exact date the satellite passed over the region. Some of the applied indices in the study are NDVI, NDTI, NDMI, PSMI, Surface Temperature, and SMSWIR index. SMSWIR index, with a correlation coefficient of 0.88 and R2 of 0.61 was considered as the suitable index for soil moisture zonation in arid and desert areas. Therefore, SMSWIR can be an appropriate indicator for soil surface moisture in arid and semi-arid regions. SMSWIR , NDTI and NDMI indices could be considered as appropriate indicators for soil surface moisture in desert regions with poor vegetation. In the next step, using multivariate regression models, we prepared a soil moisture model using the studied indices. The findings of this study illustrated that Enter regression model has higher accuracy in surface soil moisture mapping.
Extended Abstract
1- Monitoring soil surface moisture, as a crucial factor in water and energy cycles, is of great importance in water and soil resource management. Many soil properties such as stability, compressibility, permeability, and ability to transfer are function of moisture content in the soil. This variable is used to calculate the water balance of the area, Plant water requirement, and desertification studies. This important factor varies dramatically in time and space due to variability in soil characteristics, topography, vegetation, and dynamic nature of the climate. Any change in soil moisture can have an immediate effect on runoff, soil erosion, and plant productivity. Soil moisture is considered as a decisive factor in plant growth. Moreover, a decrease in soil moisture results in an increase in dust in desert regions. Continuous measurement of soil moisture is very costly and time-consuming, and the spatial range of measurement is generally limited. Remote sensing methods can provide continuous soil moisture information on a large scale with acceptable accuracy.
2- In the current study, applying data from Landsat 8 satellite, different soil surface moisture estimation methods were studied. In order to assess the precision of each method, real time field data were also collected and used. Due to the fact that the soil surface moisture is severely affected by daily evapotranspiration, wind, and airflows, 80 samples of volumetric soil surface moisture were taken from the vicinity of Semnan city on the exact date the satellite passed over the region. Measurement of moisture in the laboratory was carried out by direct method. Some of the applied indices in the study are Normalized differential vegetation index, normalized differential tillage Index, normalized differential moisture index, perpendicular soil moisture index, surface temperature, and SMSWIR index. Calculating the Pearson coefficient and the coefficient of determination of each of the above indices, the most correlated indices were used to measure soil moisture content. In the next step, the soil moisture estimation functions were calculated using the correlated indices by three methods of Partial least squares regression, Stepwise and Enter method. Considering the high correlation coefficient of the Enter method and the low RMSE compared to the other two methods, regression model of Enter can be used to model the soil moisture zonation in the studied area.
3- The results of the study revealed that in desert regions with low vegetation, using short-wavelength infrared bands showed a higher level of correlation with the field data. Among the proposed methods, surface temperature did not show a high correlation with data on moisture. This indicates that thermal bands are affected by other factors besides soil moisture. Thus, perpendicular soil moisture index cannot offer acceptable accuracy as it relies heavily on surface temperature. SMSWIR index, with correlation coefficient of 0.78, presents a slight difference compared to normalized differential tillage indices and normalized differential vegetation index. This index’s square regression value was 0.61, and the root-mean-square error for the regression model results and actual data were estimated to be 3.69. The root-mean-square error for the regression model resulting from normalized differential tillage index, normalized differential moisture index and normalized differential vegetation index and the actual data was 3.77 and 4, respectively. Therefore, Soil moisture of Short-wavelength infrared bands (SMswir) and normalized differential tillage index and normalized differential moisture index could be an appropriate indicator for soil surface moisture in desert regions with poor vegetation.
In the next step, using normalized differential tillage indices, normalized differential moisture index, normalized differential vegetation index, short-wavelength infrared moisture index and surface temperature index, regression model of these variables were prepared. Regarding the low root mean square error and the high coefficient of explanation of the Enter model among other multivariate regression methods, this model has a good accuracy for soil surface moisture zonation at 5% level.
4- Our study illustrated that the short-wavelength infrared bands of Landsat 8 show more sensitivity to soil moisture changes than near-infrared bands. In this paper, the efficiency of reflective and thermal bands of Landsat 8 for monitoring of surface soil moisture was confirmed. The research was done in a desert region in Semnan. As a result, the reliability of proposed methods in regions with higher vegetation and forests must be evaluated again.

Social approach has always been the dominant consideration in the study of domestic violence factors, while, this phenomenon requires a multi-dimensional investigation. This research studies the spatial distribution of domestic violence in Kermanshah. Firstly, using the lived experience, the types of marriage were identified and defined. Then, Delphi method was used by experts to collect votes in the context of their obsolete or customary nature. Due to the differences in some of the species' obsolete species, another method was used. A Grounded Theory was used. In the fourth step, using the survey method, violence was measured at three levels of psychological, verbal and physical relationships among different types of marriage. At this stage, using three methods of Balance Acceptation g, clustering and inverse sampling, 90 points of the city were selected non-randomly, non-residential areas were removed and the questionnaires were completed in 25 residential areas. The ability to explain the samples was achieved with the aim of collecting all available samples at any point by completing at least 15 and a maximum of 20 questionnaires at each point, and a total of 433 completed questionnaires were completed. The results indicate that the highest rate is concentrated among the poor and slum areas of the city. High levels of unemployment and low income, migration and the spread of marginalization, which are widespread in urban poor areas, have had a direct impact on violence. A significant part of the prevalence of some forms of cohabitation is economic poverty and cultural poverty, which directly affects urban areas.
Extended Abstract
1- Domestic violence is a problem for all societies today, including modern societies. Hersberger (1996: 76) and Tennyson (2004: 98) posed domestic violence as a problem that the victims did not express; So that women consider it a taboo and they usually do not talk about it. In all countries, the cost of domestic violence is high on a yearly basis(Dejman, 1385; Moeinian, 1391; Goldfarb,2002: 63; Duvvury & et al, 2012 , 2013; Barreda & et al, 2013: 14; Darko & Walker, 2015 ; George& Bridget, 2014 : 37). The cconsequences of ddomestic vviolence always affect all family members. A great deal of research has been done on the relationship between various factors and violence, regardless of environmental and geographical factors; The predominant approach of these studies is sociological and psychological studies, and they have been neglected to study it from other valleys. Therefore, studies related to environmental or geographical factors are very rare. The present study seeks to study domestic violence with an environmental and geographical approach to demonstrate how urban slum neighborhoods, as the origin of poor economic strata, are more likely to have domestic violence than other urban neighborhoods. Understanding domestic violence with this approach will be effective in urban and social planning - in order to reduce the effects of this harmful phenomenon.
2- First, using the experience of life, common species were identified, and a term was chosen for them. In the second step, which was done based on Delphi method; the participants were analyzed about the custom and unaccustomed of those four levels by a number of mostly native experts.
In the third step regarding the disagreements on the obsolete species of some species such as satisfactory exchange marriages (with less severity of discrepancy) and imposed compulsory marriage (with more severity of difference, grounded theory was used to ensure conventional species. According to pervious six stages three different era (high, middle and low) of Kermanshah were selected with different social, economic and cultural characteristics. At this stage, in addition to proving the prevalence of existing species, another species was identified, which was called inevitable marriages based on its characteristics. In step four, the degree of violence was tested in different types of marriage by the Survey methods.
Accordingly, a new sampling method that combines three methods of sampling is used: 1-BAS[1] sampling method that selects from all parts of the city. The second approach is somewhat similar to cluster sampling, and it considers a cluster of neighboring households for each point of the BAS and places them in the sample. The Third method is the inverse sampling method. In Inverse Sampling, sample selection continues until a certain condition is established. In this research, the two previous methods are repeated as long as the predetermined number of each of the 10 types of conjugation in the sample. Therefore, 90 points from the city of Kermanshah have been selected by non-probability sampling. The points were removed from non-residential areas and eventually 25 residential locations were selected. Point selection from point to point in the city has been done by circular method to observe the characteristics of the species and collect sample from each species in different parts of the city. Ability to explain samples by completing at least 15 and at most 20 questionnaires at each point and among women with a marriage duration of 2 to 5 years, without age limitations, and a total of 433 questionnaires have been completed. In this research, domestic violence was measured at the psychological, verbal and physical levels. Economic violence was eliminated during the pre-test phase.
3- To analyze the independent variable of residential neighborhood on the dependent variable of violence, the hypothesis "psychological, verbal and physical violence varies according to the neighborhoods" and one-way ANOVA have been used for its relationship. The sig (0/000) at a significant level of 99% indicates that the residential area has a significant effect on the incidence of violence. A look at the dispersion maps of violence shows that the focus of domestic violence (in terms of psychological, verbal and physical violence) is on the poor and marginal areas of the city. The factors associated with violence in these neighborhoods include high levels of unemployment, economic poverty, low income, cultural poverty, immigration and the spread of marginalization. The dominant marriages in this area are traditional, for economic reasons, and hope to get rid of the hardships of life or with more parents' decision-making power. The focus of violence is on two points in urban good spots because of their marriage types, which are often emotional marriages, without parental consent, solely on the basis of the decision of the girl and the boy.
4- The reduction of domestic violence, first of all, requires planning for employment, such as the development of border markets and native capacity for self-employment. Employment planning should be multiple in order to prevent the spread of some types of cohabitation, such as inevitable. In this regard, vocational training skills will help the girls of the poor and unprofitable families to contribute to their economic independence. On the other hand, the prevalence of emotional forms, which is due to extremes in strolling and the creation of temporary street friendships, the frustration of the future, and the lack of motivation for future planning and, as a result, spending time with flamboyant work should be prevented. It is believed that disappointment toward future and lack of motivation for future planning and as a result of spending time with roaming has led to the development of such behaviors. Part of planning for employment involves building infrastructure in villages, supporting seasonal workers, and promoting social welfare in order to prevent massive immigration to the city. On the other hand, poor neighborhoods need the plan for the benefit of urban amenities to preserve beauty and vitality, so that social justice can be applied in all parts of the country in relative terms. Activities in the field of informing the younger generation about desirable marriages with individual and family decisions and in order to reduce emotional marriages) and government support, the efforts of civil society activists and planning to reduce some traditional marriages are also appropriate for effective ways of marriage. [1] Balance Acceptation Sampling

Protected areas are one of the most important and most effective instruments in the world that have been established to protect biodiversity. In recent decades, due to the rapid growth of human population growth and the destruction of natural resources the global methods of protected areas management effectiveness have been widely used for sustainable development. The use of international methods in the management of protected areas will achieve sustainable development along with the maximum protection of biodiversity; therefore, the methods have been developed to assess the effectiveness of management of protected areas. Khuzestan Province, with its high values, both in the water sector and in the land and coastal areas, has provided the basis for the establishment of a suitable substrate for biodiversity in the protected areas of the province. In this study, the assessment of the management effectiveness of Dez, Shimbar and Koraii protected areas with different climatic characteristics and management experience over 5 years has been reviewed. The RAPPAM methodology was used to assess and explain the capacity of Khuzestan and to ensure the sustainable development. This method, as a decision tool for promoting effective management to achieve management goals, has four main indicators of Inputs, Outputs, Design and Planning and Processes.The results show that Dez protected area with 128 score has the highest management effectiveness score and Shimbar with 64 score has the lowest management effectiveness score in the studied areas; This indicates that protected areas like Shimbar with the lower Management experience need more attention and a better management solution from their respective organizations.
Extended Abstract
1- Protected areas are one of the most important and effective tools in the world that have been established to protect biodiversity.The view of environmental management based on natural resources management states that human needs of natural resources and the use of these resources over many years should be possible (Ghaffari et al., 1995: 86). Therefore, management and effectiveness assessment are key factors for long-term sustainability of protected areas (Joppa et al., 2013; 1).The international conservation community has been sensitive to the effectiveness of protected areas at least two decades ago (Hockings et al., 2006). In recent years, many countries and conservation organizations have developed a variety of methods to assess the effectiveness of protected areas (Hochkings, 2010: 1). More than 50 different tools were used to assess the management effectiveness in protected areas in more than 100 countries (Leverington et al., 2010: 687). Despite the wide range of quick assessment methods, these methods are used less in our country to assess the effectiveness of management of protected areas. Khuzestan Province has a set of ecological, biological and eventually environmental values, both in the water sector and in the land and coastal areas, provided the basis for creating a suitable biodiversity enrichment base (Nabavi et al., 2010: 149). These areas, which have undergone many changes in recent years, require more attention and management studies.
2- The methodology of rapid assessment and prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) is based on the process of a set of questionnaires. Analysis of the effectiveness of methodological management has four pillars (indicators) that affect the management of the area including planning, inputs, processes, and Outputs, each of which consists of several parts. All sectors except management have a separate questionnaire for assessing the region. First, using the archival documents and information of the protected areas, in order to determine the statistical society, the status of the forces employed in the protected areas of the province was examined. Since surveys and participation in working groups were not possible for all members of the statistical community, according to the Kerjcie and Morgan formula (1970), the number of samples required for the survey was determined.
Questionnaire responses and the way to rate regional design and planning questionnaires, inputs, management decision making processes, and management outputs were organized as 4 options with zero points, more with 1 point, more yes with 2 points and yes with 3 points (WWF.2003). The analysis of the management effectiveness for a single site can determine the strengths and weaknesses of a region if the comparative analysis of a large number of regions (by determining the average scores of each question) can identify the weaknesses and strengths of the system. The result of the analysis of the effectiveness of access management is from 0 to 300 points. Managers of protected areas and policymakers can use this information to regulate regional policies, allocate credits, and develop technical support programs (WWF 2003).
3- The results of studies based on RAPPAM methodology in Figure 1 show that planning has the highest score among the indicators of management effectiveness. This index (planning) has the highest score in Rhapsody in Russia (Tyrlyshkin et al., 2003; 17), Turkey (Kurdoğlu and Çokçaliskan, 2011: 17219), China and Taiwan (Lu et al, 2012: 278). This indicates the existence of proper planning in studied protected areas as compared to other indicators affecting the management effectiveness. Management Outputs data in the present study has the least effect and score among management effectiveness indicators. The Dez protected area ​​ has the highest score in the inputs index. The Koraii protected area with the highest score in the management process index and in the management decision-making segment reflects the shared management and staffing of the communities with local communities and effective communication among management, employees and local communities. The weakest outputs of infrastructure development in the regions is as a management outputs, while the output in China (Li, 2003: 13) is known as the strongest outflow.

Fig. 1: Mean scores methodology questionnaires of studied protected areas

Assessing the effectiveness management of protected areas is a way of evaluating their performance (Carranza et al., 2014: 10). According to Figure 1, the final results of the studies indicate that the protected area with the highest score of 128 points and the protected area of Shimbar with a score of 64 lowest points and a protected area with a score of 111 among these other regions.
4- Despite many changes that have taken place in protected areas in recent years, management in these areas is difficult and requires strategic solutions to improve the level of management of areas. The Shimbar protected area has a lower management level than other areas studied. The results will reveal the weaknesses and strengths of management in the management of the affected areas. The Shimbar protected area has a lot of planning and investment opportunities. Therefore, in order to raise the level of management, it requires constant monitoring and oversight by the relevant organizations and more careful attention to the management needs; if properly planned, it will provide the opportunity to enjoy the natural attractions of the region for tourism in addition to protecting the area.