نشریه فرهنگ و ادبیات عامه
پیاپی 23 (آذر و دی 1397)

Folk tales are an integral part of Iranian folklore and their examination, whatever be their literary aspect pave the way to the recognition of the mysterious world of human culture in the distant past. Hosn Ara’s tale is considered a unique version of a popular tale most likely written in the Safavid era by Mohammed Riyadh. This edition is being kept in the manuscript collections of Leipzig University. Hosn Arā’s tale narrates the history of a rich who ends up marrying four women. They are the symbol of female sex in four great prehistoric and historical Iranian periods. Among them, two women have a mythical function and two others have historical implications. This article attempts to analyze the text of the story by examining the quadruple image of women and by recognizing the mythological and historical symbols associated with Khwarazm using non-textual texts and signals. Thus the objective of this study is to demonstrate the cultural integrity of Iran and the lands of the distant past.

This article investigates the theoretical and empirical advantages of the intersection of cognitive linguistics and paremiology and aims to examine how to apply the concepts and theories of cognitive linguistics to the interpretation and understanding of proverbs in various languages such as (Persian, English, French, Croatian and Arabic), whereas previous research have mainly focused on conceptual metaphors, metonymies and schemas. Thus an important question raises here when focusing on the encounter between cognitive linguistics and paremiology: is it possible to consider the universal and cognitive principles for the interpretation of the proverb and take into account the proverbial concepts in all languages in the global sense? Or should it analyze them with regard to their own cultural-linguistic context without any attention to their cross-cultural and cross-linguistic behavior? To find a universal attribute or a common concept that is characteristic of cognitive linguistics does not necessarily mean the reduction of paremiological literature concerns with respect to folk literature. Cognitive linguistics has been adopted as a framework in this article in order to do a coherent research in both domains, the global aspects and the specific cultural aspects of proverbs, which, while taking into account common points analyze diversity in different languages and show how the proverb is perceived in real time speech. Data analysis showed that, despite the differences between the proverbs of the different languages that show the existence of the diversity of languages, we can apply cognitive linguistics and its theories based on the sensory experiences of human life used to interpret how to understand and apply proverbs in different languages. It is to note that cognitive linguistics which seeks linguistic universal would be easily able to justify linguistic diversities and proverbs with its own theoretical instruments like conceptual merging, metaphor, metonymy, image schemes.

One of the manifestations of the culture of the inhabitants of each country is the common custom among them. Various rituals have been performed in our country many times and on various occasions. Despite the very variations of these rituals, there are many aspects of commonalities so that exploration of these relationships leads us to understand them better and more deeply. One of the common features of many dramatic folk rituals is the threat and the guarantee: so that with a particular problem, the person (or the animal, the tree, the object) is threatened intimately. He gets beaten and the other person gives him the guarantee that the problem will be solved. The rituals used in this way are generally intended for rain, sunbathing, fortune-making, tree fertilization, animal fertilization, firearms, etc. The purpose of this research, which is a descriptive-analytical analysis, is to present and demonstrate threats and guarantees as the most important functions of some popular customs.

Mohammad Baqā Vāres Bokhari is one of the anonymous and expert story teller of 10th century in central Asia whose unknown narrative scroll called Bahr al Tavārikh and Musayyib Nāmeh are the most important titles. Due to its comprehensive and ancient character, Chahār Ganj encompasses novel themes whose references are not Shāhnameh and other authentic and related texts. The present Study seeks to investigate this novel theme in Bahr al Tavarikh scroll in two separated section. In its turn, this study involves in introducing Vāres Bokhari’s works and interpreting four independent narratives entitled Rostam’s Xorouj Nāmeh , Farāmarz Nāmeh, Shabrang Nāmeh , and Bijan Nāmeh. Based on the legendary narrative of Vāres Bokhari and following the Baqdād Caliphate’s request, Ferdowsi has annexed Chahār Ganj as Baqdādi notebook to Shahnāmeh

Alexander’s narrative scroll is one of the famous works in folk literature that has recreated the history of Alexander’s by using myths, historical events and their time beliefs. The last part of this work, Amir Kabir's departure in search of sun, offers a different reading of the immortality of symbolic expression. Deep structure of this part shares the common feature with historical narrative of Alexander’s attack on Iran. This research has tried to scrutinize and analyze the figures and references of this section, explaining the association of symbols with the historical narrative of Alexander's attack on Iran. The author has applied Jung's analytical approach in psychology in the case of Iranian collective beliefs on Alexander attack

Folk tales reflect the cultural identity of each nation and show the dominant ideology and context of that society. By adopting a semiotic research methodology to the analysis of literary discourse, the current study seeks to explore underlying structure of this tale taking into consideration discursive elements such as action and to become. Mutual interaction of these semiotic elements crystalized between prince and foal is considered a core element of ongoing changes in narrative chain. In this discursive regime, action feeds to become and meaning is achievable through the interrelation of sensation and perception. In addition, in this research, the authors have been explained different stages of promoting the material and spiritual capacity of the horse as an instinctive and material creature to the mythical and celestial actor namely the horse’s transcendence mechanism.

As a simple text in folk literature, in Iskandar Nameh by Manouchehr Khan Hakim, which is in contrast to secretary texts of Safavid era, the author has tried to portray and create a literary and epic work in all text. This article seeks to determine what traits the author has benefited from in this style, and how successful has it been in achieving its goal. Among literary and colloquial style, which one is the most frequent? As a result, stylistic components at the lexical level were examined throughout the general examination of this work in seven volumes, and categories of folk writings were identified. The author's lexical tendencies are divided into two domains of archaism and common literary elements in all stylistic periods, and various constructs of adjectives, ancient words, interjection and Rā, various verbal construction , Arabic long titles, literary vocabulary and terminology, have brought it closer to technical and inspirational texts. In this field the cases such as colloquial words, fake nominalization, incorrect spelling, and swear words have contributed to the formation of colloquial text in this case. The glorious combination of genre writing has a dual style, on the one hand, literary, and on the other hand it is a kind of folk that the text has been influenced by numerous abnormalities and analogies, sometimes by eloquence and fluency, and consequently, it has become a kind of facetious text.

Work songs are the poems, phrases and songs related to “carpet weaving" and are classified in folk and oral literature. In Chāleshtar, these songs aim to encourage to work more, to create a fairly calm work environment, to describe the desires, nostalgias, weavers’ aspirations and of children’s lullabies. They are like a mirror which reflects women sufferings, joys and beliefs. By developments in the contemporary world, they are getting pale in Chāleshtar region nowadays. To this end and by adopting a descriptive –analytical research methodology, this research tries to answer the following question? What is the dominant idea of these songs? The purpose of this article is to classify carpet weavers in a more difficult way. After having established in the area, the author identified older weavers, more experienced in carpet weaving by personal interview and classical categories such as: a) songs derived from everyday problems and surrounding environments, and b) poems with religious background regarding their subsets. In addition to their obvious functions, these poems have hidden features such as: reflection of religious roots, means of livelihood, expression of unfulfilled wishes, spiritual evacuation of weavers, etc. The findings showed that most carpet weavings belong to lullabies and songs of religious origin.

Bushehr province can be considered one of the country's historic provinces. In terms of popular culture, this province is one of Iran's richest treasures. This immense treasure has increased, especially in ritual music, mourning and requiem. Due to the traditional subcultures and the particular geographical conditions of this province, folklore plays an important role. This research tries to investigate the typology of requiems analytically. Research methodology is library-based and field study. Thus the main objective of this study is to explore common folk requiems in special domains such as Senj Va Damām , Zikr , Alam, book reading, Pish Khani , Pāmenbari, chest beating , Ali Asqar lullabies, Qasim’s Hijlah , Chavosh, Rawda khwani, like Zhuljanah, Shāme Qaribān used in the mourning ceremonies of Bushehr province. In addition to the typology of requiems in Bushehr Province, the findings of the current study indicate the influence of these verses in terms of language, expression, thought, music and format on the ritual literature of this province.

The tradition of storytelling has a very long history and, as an important part of oral literature, is considered very useful for recognizing culture and literature.Nevertheless, the researchers has paid little attention to the traditions of Desān Khāni among Turkmen. This tradition is composed of folk prose or poetic tales in which the singer define them in turn by a kind of musical instrument. This poetic and musical tradition can help us better understand the context of oral literature and its narrative techniques. In spite of key role and important character of this tradition in Turkmen culture, stories in Desān Khāni Tradition share some commonalities with Turkish ethnics in central Asia and Iranian cultures that insist on eclectic feature of this culture and its communicative function. In this article, the author tries to introduce, classify and study the stories of this tradition among Turkmen.