نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال هجدهم شماره 151 (خرداد و تیر 1397)

Acquiring information on the causes of behavioral disorders in students with special learning disorders as a high-risk population for designing, preparing and promoting appropriate psychological and therapeutic services with the aim of reducing negative outcomes and the development of further mental disorders and improving the function of this group of the students is essential.This study aimed at assess The role of parenting styles in predicting LD children behavioural disorder was conducted.This research method was a descriptive study was conducted using correlation and prediction model and statistical population formed by children with learning disorders referred to the education and rehabilitation centers of special learning disorders in Tehran Province. By Purposive and voluntary samples, 130 subjects were selected. Data collection was included Baumrind's parenting styles questionnaire and Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6-18 Achenbach system of empirically based assessment (CBCL). data using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient and multiple regression analysis was performed with SPSS software. The results showed that there is not no significant correlation among the authoritative and authoritarian parenting style with any of the components of behavioral disorders in LD children, and only the permissive parenting style was a significant predictor for LD children's externalizing problems. According to the results obtained in this study, Permissive parenting style significant predictors of behavioral disorders in children with special learning disorders.

Flexible house is an adapted house that makes it easy to do work and improve autonomy in the daily activities of people with disabilities. Residents of these houses can, Background Life is now with a lot of complexity. Given the conditions, characteristics, human spirits and diversity, it is very necessary to have flexibility in their place of residence. Creating and considering space as a flexible space with adaptability and taking into account the wishes of residents, increases the amount of comfort and space optimization.
Flexible house is a house adapted to change the living space, making it easy to work and improve independence in the daily activities of people with disabilities. Residents of these homes can, despite their disability, easily and independently continue their personal lives without any problems. Having a permanently fixed and well-established house empowers people with disabilities to cultivate and maintain long-term relationships with others in their own community. In this review article, after giving a brief introduction about flexible house, the definition, importance and necessity, the principles of designing flexible house, the essential facilities of flexible house and the use of flexible house in Iran is provided and finally conclusion is expressed.

Due to the fact that humans face with emotion and social understanding dimensions, these dimensions are always influential in many decisions and events of them, especially in terms of communication with mentally ill persons that they are in a much more inappropriate situation than normal people. Considering the above, the purpose of this study is to investigate the prediction of forgiveness based on the rate of anger and self compassion in the mother assistants of the rehabilitation centers for mentally retarded people. This is a descriptive correlation study. The statistical population of this study was all the 415 nurses in the maternity centers of mental retardation of Golestan province. According to the research design, 200 samples were selected by simple random sampling method. Data collection was carried out individually and in the centers. In this research, the forgiveness questionnaire of Ehteshamzadeh et al. (2010), anger questionnaire and self compassion questionnaire in the long form were used. The results show that there is a significant reverse correlation between all the suscale of the anger with forgiveness and between suscale of self compassion with forgiveness showed a direct significant correlation, as well as the isolation component (0.19), joint sense of humans (0.30), kindness with themselves (0.32) and malice (0.34) could be predictive scale of the generosity. Generally, forgiveness is influenced by emotional components and many applied therapies could be found in the mental health care centers in the therapeutic and educational areas.

The purpose of this study was designing guideline of developing functional reading texts for mentally retarded students in primary school. This study is exploratory in both documentary and field took place. 100 parentsand 100 teachers of students with intellectual disability and 20 Professionals Exceptional Children were recruited using multiple cluster sampling and convenience sampling method, respectively.In order to collect the required information, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to gather information. Descriptive statistics (mean and percent) were used for data processing. The results of this study showed that functional reading texts requirements for mentally retarded students includes six components of social skills, self care skills, personal hygiene skills, eating skills, dressed skills and independent life skills. Skills identified in order of importance are placed within the functional reading texts divided to required skills, selective skills and optional skills. The results of this study suggest that the reading texts taught to Slow paced students would be more practical, that is, students would be able to read, understand and apply those texts in daily life and position Social functions, their performance improves in reading.

Time perspective is a psychological construct that represents an individual’s relation with time. Also, intellectual disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, that originates at developmental period. The birth and presence of a child with intellectual disability led to the family have many problems, and it influences the quantity and quality of parent relationships and family members in the time perspective. Also, time perspective emerges from the cognitive process for portioning human experience into the past, present, and future temporal frames. Time perspective theory has five factors, namely past positive, past negative, present hedonistic, present fatalistic, and future. Time perspective theory posits that one’s perception of time influences decision making by locating the primary set of psychological influences within the temporal frames of the present, the past, or the future. Although individual difference trait are relatively stable, there are initial studies showing that it can be modified by the therapeutic process. Individual’s differences in time perspective theory have been associated with affective, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes. Research has shown that time perspective is related to subjective well-being and individual’s affective experiences, and that it influences cognitive processes as well as social relationships. In this article investigated theory bases of time perspective approach and designed program for parent of children with intellectual disability.

Background and Purpose: Mental retardation is one of the most common mental disabilities that accounts for about 3% of the world's population. This children have educational and communication problems. Identifying their problems and related factors and considering educational interventions can be useful in supporting and guiding these children and their families.. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Montessori Method learning on learning math concepts and improving communication skills in mentally retarded students. The research is applied in a practical way and based on the nature and method of data collection, it is a quasi-experimental type. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mentally retarded students of the Lordegan Educational Centers, which were by the available method ,selected a10-member class as the experimental group and a 10-member class for the control group. Finally, the Montessori method was performed on the students of the experimental group for three months and the control group was exposed to traditional education. Data collection tools in this study were a researcher-made mathematical skill test and Barton's Communication Skills Questionnaire (1990). Findings: The results of covariance analysis indicated that Montevere method has significant effect on the learning of math concepts (p <0/002) and communication skills development (p <0/001) in students with mental retardation. Marie Montessori 's teaching has a positive impact on the learning of math concepts and the development of communication skills in mentally retarded children.

Children songs and rhymes moves from generation to generation, as a symbol of culture and value of each country and are one of the most enjoyable experiences which can play an important role in the parent-child emotional bond and help children's emotional and social development. In early years that are the sensitive period of attachment, songs and rhymes plays an important role in the parent-child relationship. This is especially important for hearing impaired children who need early intervention. In this paper we used a descriptive analytical method. We gathered information about the subject from various information sources, including papers, books and online academic resources and scientific databases such as: Magiran, Elsevier, Wiley, PubMed, and Google Scholar from 1996 to 2017 and described and discussed them. Children songs and rhymes play important roles in the children's emotional development and can strengthen the parent-child emotional bond and children's social skills. In this article, we tried to study emotional and social development in children and the role of factors affecting them. We explained effective ways to facilitate these skills. Songs and rhymes can improve the learning process in hearing and deaf children.