International Journal of Political Science
Volume:1 Issue: 2, Summer - Fall 2011

War on terrorism, as the motto which formed the cornerstone of global policies of former neo-conservative administration of the United States, is increasingly becoming ineffective in Afghanistan with the dreaded consequence of spilling over into Pakistan. This inevitable consequence of War on Terrorism in Afghanistan has brought the West face to face with the ‘nest of terrorism’ that CIA built in Pakistan’s so-called madrasas of extremist Wahhabi teachings in the first place, with the enthusiastic   assistance of Nawaz Sharif’s government in Pakistan, the Al-Saud of Saudi Arabia and the Al-Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates in late 1990s. In their evil planning they found it necessary to invent a state  history for Afghanistan based on former British colonial designs for the region during their geopolitics of Great Game with Russia in 19th century. They invented the Afghan state by putting together territories they severed from the veining Persian Empire of the time. This process of state-manufacturing in Afghanistan though served the colonial purposes at the time, never proved to be working in the sense that is expected of a genuinely founded nation and nation-state. The ills of this ill-designed state will naturally disallow any remedy that is not based on a genuine state-building process in that country. To produce such a remedy Afghanistan needs to address the ills of its state-structure by pinpointing the centrifugal forces that drives various ethnicities apart and to try and find some kind of accommodation among components that makes up the state of Afghanistan. The best method to achieve this in today world of politics would probably be a genuinely designed federalism.

The notion of peace, regardless of theorizations accepted in th field and since the  Enlightenment Period, and the era known as Modernism, has, constantly, been one of the challenges of mankind, and also scientists in the field of political sciences and international relations.  Contrary to the presentation of the idea of peace and respect to the human rights in some of the foreign policy doctrines of the USA in different periods, this country has had the largest number of cases of application of army rage in its file, during the 20th century.  This article sheds a brief look on the moments of the US foreign policy during the years of war with Vietnam, in combination with anti- war cinema introduced by Stanley Kubrick, the famous American film producer.  In his movie, “Full Metal Jacket” he criticizes the American politicians, regarding Vietnam War.  Although he has not provided a theory of peace, he is wholeheartedly, an anti war Film producer.

Relations between the third world countries in different parts of Asia and Africa during the 19th and 20th centuries, to a great extent, were influenced by the presence and policies of colonial powers. Thus, for a better understanding of roots of disputes and issues existing between these countries concerning frontiers, disputed Islands, political and prejudicial tensions, we need to study past history, especially the history of colonial era, including presence, interests and policies of great powers, specifically that of British. As, established colonial interests dictated, arbitral boundaries were established without any regard to the interests of nations concerned, artificial religions and creeds were founded and propagated,  claims or counter claims between neighboring countries waged and supported, all of which culminated in longstanding disputes between the nations which occasionally became the source of most cruel and deadly wars. In the Middle East, because of the British entrenched interests, this policy of “divide and rule” is much more obvious. Surprisingly, the nations of this region, which are caught in such disputes, it seems are not aware of real roots of these differences and the role of the British Colonial policies in dragging on such disputes for long time. It is hoped that these two nations  have learned enough lesson from the past history and futile animosity, and by better understanding of policies of “divide and rule” of some powers, threw away all historical prejudicial views and grasp to the policy of coexistence and good neighbor policy for the sake of prosperity , calmness and peace.

The present article intends to start introduction to the political thinking of Machiavelli by passing through some key concepts in his thinking, and by placing his idea in the area of political thinking. Surveying ethics in Machiavelli‟s politicalthinking needs separate individual ethics from political (civil) one. And explaining Machiavelli‟s remarks about the category of ethics requires it to be evaluated from the ethical dimension. Common expedience (interest) as one of the most basic concepts in Modern political thought tried to empower its theoretical bases with the help of Niccolo Machiavelli, and made its absence in the political thinking absolutely unjustifiable. Power in the thought of Machiavelli inproportion with the type of political systems have been explainable, and its actualization has been bound to its contemporary definition and redefinition, following the changes in political time and space conditions, and finally, surveying the Realism in Machiavelli‟s political thinking needs to make distinction between this concept and Factualism (Superficialism). Realism, not in the sense of following the events, but creating them, and Factualism (Superficialism) is an attempt to reflect against changes, without understanding their internal reasons.

Thinkers and philosophers have constantly benefited from different approaches of reasoning to explore and justify their ideas. Theses reasoning approaches are considered as the principle instruments in speculative activities of the thinkers. To this end to achieve the procedure of thinking and the way philosophers achieve objectives, it is necessary to recognize their reasoning strategies. This article intends to survey on the position of analogy in the thinking of Farabi, and to show how he used this type of analogy as one of his basic reasoning methods in exploring his ideas and thoughts.

 Political legitimacy is one of the basic and major concepts of political science especially political thought. Different views of the meaning and the concept of political legitimacy go back to the roots of political legitimacy. In this article by using a comparative style, the author will attempt to compare the concept of political legitimacy in Imam Khomeini and Jurgen Habermas's thoughts. Imam Khomeini and Jurgen Habermas have their special definitions for the concept of political legitimacy which are not similar to one another. Imam Khomeini's thought was based on religious ideas in terms of the   Quran, while Habermas's thought has been shaped in western cultures which criticize the contemporary capitalist society. It is no wonder that in some cases they have common views which are the subject of this article.

Some of the most important characters in convenience are economic, social equity and optimal distribution of facilities of development among people in societies. Planners are, in different societies in direction for decreasing inequity and poverty, designing many plans. Fundamental steps in design' planning for capturing these goals is paying more attention to plans with an approach to reality in society. With a sufficient knowledge and diagnosis about real situation, we cannot be successful in planning. The goal of this paper is analysis of the Iran spatial organization with formation of classification for development. The kind of research is developmental and our method is analytical-description. This research used many important Indexes and various elements with statistical analysis. The technique used is in the form of multidimensional statistics that is cluster analysis. The conclusion with 14 in indexes show that 46 rural Areas are developed in Iran, 130 provinces of rural areas are in the process of development, and 63 provinces of rural Areas from Iran are underdeveloped. These conclusions could help the planners and managers for strategic planning in facing with problems in rural Areas in Iran.