International Journal of Political Science
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Summer - Fall 2012

Undoubtedly, the twentieth century can be regarded as one of the richest periods of the history of philosophy and thought which globalized this tradition, generally, because of the spread of mass media and even the published books, and joined all vast and narrow streams, here and there, together and at their Juncture a big sea is formed which is the most important gain of the century. One of the narrow streams that was flowing through the fearful and dictatorial land of Russia and joined the ocean of century’s thought was that of Mikhael Bakhtin, the Russian linguist. In this article, an attempt will be made to use Bakhtin’s dialogic viewpoints in order to show that one of the important possibilities in Mikhail Bakhtin’s ideology is to unite methodology and philosophy, as an introduction. This quality might fill the historical gap between methodology and philosophy. Here, we try to access the methodological possibilities with emphasis on Bakhtin’s dialogism and by speculating about and rejoining the conceptual elements in his ideas. It is believed that they can make a new basis for theoretical conceptualizations in humanities and social sciences. Thus, in this article we try to investigate on two philosophical and methodological aspects in the analysis of Bakhtin’s ideas.

This article is an attempt to survey the contraction and cancellation of the Reuter’s agreement as a one-sided approach and from special perspective, by using minimalistic ideology and with emphasis on multi-sided and various reasons and factors effective in the process of this contract.  On the basis of this research, in this contraction, different factors came together and augmented one another.  They can be summarized in the three factors of modernized inclinations of Nasser al din Shah, operationalization of the insights of Mohammad Hussein Khan Sepahsalar, the chanceller of the time, and efforts of the English merchants for trading in Iran.  In the cancellation of the Agreement, also, different processes were involved including the explicit opposition of Russia, the priority of the political-security role of Iran for the Government of England, and disagreement of the majority of the Qajar Court authorities and a part of clergy people with Sepahsalar and their benefitting from this opportunity to dismiss him.  On this basis the article attracts the attention for researchers to this issue that history cannot be interpreted just on the basis of intentions and with the supposition of actualization of actor’s intentions, but there should be more emphasis on the importance of the role of constructs and dialectic of constructs with the agency of individuals and their thoughts.

According to sociologists, socialization is defined as coordination of an individual with social values, norms and insights. Political socialization is one of the fundamental and important concepts in the social science, today. Political socialization is a process through which an individual gets acquainted with his responsibilities, rights and political roles in the society. During this process the political culture of the society transfers from one generation to the next or from one institution to different social groups. The institutions of political socialization, provide both continuation of the political life and its value system, and cause political, social and traditional culture establishments. The purpose of this study is to survey the place of family in political socialization of the university students in Bushehr.  Population of this study includes all the university students of Bushehr from among whom 150 participants are chosen using systematic random sampling. The results of the study show that family as an institution plays an important role in the political socialization of the students.

War and war-related concepts constitute a considerable portion of key words in political literature and strategic-security studies. Apart from its theoretical significance, war is a palpable term for the individuals and political players. It is a serious threat to humanity that has been paid due attention in the course of history by the political philosophers, strategists and even ordinary people as a highly challenging social phenomenon. Therefore, war has always imposed and will always impose its impact on the ordinary life of people. Many thinkers have written on war thus far, but few of them like Tzu, Jomini, Hart and Carl von Clausewitz have managed to introduce a novel discussion on war and create outstanding work on military issues. Clausewitz, among them, introduced warfare in a quite new form in his magnum opus “On War” to create an unrivaled work on one hand, and exert influence on strategic thought on warfare on the other hand. In his book, he bestowed a futuristic and comprehensive insight on warfare issues upon political scientists. Clausewitz’s influence and perspicacity on war have introduced his thought as the completing piece of the puzzle on nature of war and as a great help to the military and political analysts. As a key member of continental school of military thought, Clausewitz could introduce to and redefine new terms such as friction, strategy, center of gravity, opportunity and chance in the military literature and promote popular war in a sense. His reinforced attitude toward war is an inseparable trinity of enmity, chance and subordination. This paper intends to study the concept and dimensions of war in Clausewitz’s doctrines.

The Counseling System is the one of the basis on which all social and political affairs are presented and investigated through public and political consultation in the form of discussions and free conversations. In the Counseling system, it is the public wisdom and agreement that leads to the selection and determination of rulers, social and political constructs and institutions, codifying and approving of laws, binding terms and conditions and in this way, society and government are administered in democratic ways.  In the Counseling system, even after determination and selection of rulers, after formulating the rules and bylaws, majority of the members of society (including rulers and subjects) participate in decision makings that are beneficial to the members’, individual and group, interests, directly and indirectly, with giving and receiving consultations.  Councils and the system of Counseling as a pattern for political life possess two characteristics of Necessity and Legitimacy, and is considered a mechanism for executing duties and the right of political cooperation.

Ghasem Amin is known as a harbinger of women’s social and cultural rights in the world of Arabs. Primarily, he centered his ideas on three axes: a; women’s education to the primary level, B; necessity of women’s free will and decision making in issues like marriage, c; religious veil (covering all the body except the face and the two palms); although the outcomes of his ideas require more discussion and deliberation. He considered the problem as the ignorance that attacked women more than it attacked men. Amin believed that the solution to this problem lies in education.  For him, education is the development of instinctive power of human being, and that the education can be applied by the individual himself, and this self training makes miracles, because it relates human beings to civility. This civility upholds the position of human beings through education and changes him/her to the supreme creature.

Emergence of new geopolitical affairs in the important and sensitive places of the world, like the Middle East, Balkan, Central Asia (Caucasus zone) and… has caused emergence of a new trend of so called cold war with variables like the expansion of NATO to the East, the U.S. missile Defense shield, Georgia’s events, the prevalent problems of the Middle East, those of Pakistan and Afghanistan, or in a sense meaningful political conflicts, all of which might affect the previous dominant discussion, i.e. globalization and help spread the Nationalistic inclinations.  Existence of such conditions and following it, its local and international effects might stop the trend of globalization, to some extent, and empower the national criteria of the governments.  The present essay is a descriptive and analytical one and is based on the analysis of the present information to explore the realities of the so called New Cold War and predict it’s Geopolitical and political outcomes in other countries involved in the issue and, finally indentify the position of countries in this challenge.