پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1397)

After presenting the theory of Bakhtin's discourse and his view of the novel "poly phony", an opportunity was given to the literary critics to examine and to criticize the literary works with a new reading and to dip the linguistic layers of works. On the one hand, the importance of the element of dialogue in the story and the highlighting the function of this element from the viewpoint of Bakhtin's discourse theory in the story, on the other hand, made the necessity of accuracy and thoughtfulness in the application of this element in the story and novel, and its outstanding role in paying other elements of the story, such as character, plot, time and place, have given it an independent identity.The present paper examines the role and the function of the element of dialogue in paying and introducing the main character of Baad Az Zohr Akhar Paeez.The element of conversation in this story is expressed in the form of internal monologue and the stream of consciousness by the main character of the story, and the writer, through these monologues and through the expression of thoughts and thoughts of this character in the story, deals with the introduction of characters.

Style, when it comes to meaning, is that the repetition and continuity of the figurative and content elements appear in the body of the text and the style components have a high frequency. The well-known systematic mind in the novels of the Symphony of the Dead is a new perception of the ancient Abel and Cain story that presents a surrealist style, a symphonic analysis of the social, political, and historical role of Iranian intellectuals, the relationship between women and society, and how they are degraded. The purpose of this article is to examine the style of this famous and accepted novel. The main questions of this research are: What are the elements and linguistic possibilities of the composer's novel in the Symphony of the Dead? How is the link between language and content in this novel manifested? What are the prominent elements of style in this novel? How is the author's ideology raised in this novel? What are the meanings and axioms of the novel? The answers to these questions are examined in three main axes: linguistic and rhetorical elements, narration and point of view, and ideology and content. Due to the linguistic elements, the choice of the word and the syntax of the sentences are two features of the style of the novels of the Symphony of the Dead. The frequency of the symbolism and surrealistic descriptions is one of the most prominent features of the novel. Stream of consciousness is a prominent narrative technique of the novel, and the high frequency of point of view is significant. Regarding the content and ideology of the novel, the death and destruction of the central nucleus of the novel form a novel, surrounded by other semantic layers such as jealousy, greed, oppression, prejudice, tyranny, etc.

Narrative is one of the methods of text analysis that can bring the latent meaning of text. The study of literary texts in this perspective gives the reader a new sense. Applying the other theories of the narrators, Gérard Genette, a French theorist, presented his narrative analysis theory that was considered. In the present study, the story of Jalal al-Ahmad's Bacheh Mardom was analyzed by the perspective of Genette’s narrative. The most important results obtained from this study are the narrator's invalidity. The narrator of in this story tells the story as he wants to reduce the depth of the disaster a bit. Another issue is the poly phony of text. The author contributed to the poly phony of the story, with a lack of sympathy with the narrator, and the possibility of controversy. Time and place are also generally discussed in this story, suggesting that the event that has emerged can be repeated in all times and places. The writer makes this reader think about the subject of story.

Meta-narrative, as one of the most common types of postmodernist stories, is a technique in which the narrator, during the story, refers to the storytelling process and the narrative of the story; the writer came to the arena of the story of the reader to make him aware of its unreality. Rabi Ja'ber is a writer, novelist and journalist of Lebanese contemporary writers who has a postmodernist approach in some of his novels, and he tries to move his writings towards meta-narrative with the various techniques. The author of this research, has studied the subject of meta-narrative in the novel al-Farashett al-Zarqa due to the descriptive-analytical method. The researcher first studied the process of formation of postmodernism and provided the definitions of meta-narrative based on the viewpoints of the critics as well as a brief biography of Rabi Jaber. Furthermore, the researcher has examined Rabi Jaber’s ways to create meta-narrative in the novel. The research suggests that Rabi Jaber has used the methods such as "the explicit reference to the storyteller", "addressing the audience," "description," "the presence of real historical figures in the story," "the merging of imagination and reality," and " providing information about the book and its author "can provoke the unreality of his novel to the readers, and he thoroughly defends the creation of a meta-narrative story.

Among the five areas of Iran's climatic narratives, the southern clan story writing has a distinctive and distinctive identity. The southern region is in its climatic stories, from Khuzestan, Booshehr and Hormozgan to Fars and Kerman. The climatic and environmental conditions and the presence of natural manifestations of the sea, palm trees, desert alongside the oil industry, as well as the presence of foreigners and workers and migrants with different cultures, give a special concern to the southern stories. Results and studies show that there is a tri-regional climate with the distinctive features in the southern stories such as the industrial- climate, marine climate, rural climates. Also, the rural stories by themselves include three distinct types: Bakhtiari and Iliati rural stories, the rural stories of Fars and Kerman, the rural stories of Persian Gulf. This division is unprecedented in the writing of the climatic and the rural southern stories, and the author of this paper for the first time presented its original design in a compact form. This research is the library type and the descriptive form is done through content analysis method.

The literature review is a long-term sociological perspective that has been considered by researchers, but so far, this issue has not been examined in the literature of our country children and teenagers, who have a large part in the contemporary literature.It is not surprising to imagine the reflection of politics and the political world in the literature of this age group due to their perceptual qualities. In this research, with the aim of understanding the characteristics of literature of children and teenagers in our country, we tried to study the nature and extent of reflection of political entity in the literature of children and teenagers in the descriptive-analytical way. To achieve this, the works of four most prominent contemporary writers in our country in the field of children and teenager literature: Moradi Kermani, Ebrahimi Shahid, Sarshar and Akbarpoor have been selected. In order to make the scientific research more accessible, one of the most widely considered sociology of the world, Talcott’s sociology theory Parsons is selected. In Parson’s theory, the political institution, as one of the main four-body institutions of the community, has an independent system. The result of this study is that the incorrect inclusion of concepts of political institution in the works of children and teenagers in accordance with their perceptual qualities and constraints is one of the ways of political socialization of this age group, through literature or, in other words, culture.