نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال هفدهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 71، آذر و دی 1397)

The recommendations and instructions of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) and the Imams (PBUT) as well as the effect of acting according to them are subjects of particular interest to all the believers. The explanation and description of these commands in different areas and their impacts on the health and hygiene are important for the religious and non-religious communities and can be useful for everyone. This research was carried out to determine the status of health and well-being in prayers and narrations using a combination of theology, psychology, and sociology approach.
The results of this research showed that the prayers and narrations considered the health and hygiene of human beings in all dimensions, so that acting according to the religious trainings and instructions provided by the infallibles (PBUH) can guarantee human health.
There are many instructions and suggestions in the prayers and narrations about physical and non-physical health. In the field of physical health, instructions are given for eating, drinking, marital matters, etc., observance of which ensures the human health. The orders in non-physical area can be divided into three categories of psychological, theological, and social. Most religious ethical advices (whether positive or negative) focus on the psychological health of humans, such as stinginess, envy, fear, and hypocrisy. Since belief and faith play a fundamental role in the formation and quality of behavior as well as the personality of human beings, Islam has emphasized on the appropriateness of believing systems in humans. In the area of ​​social well-being, Islam has strict orders to avoid ignorance, oppression, divisions, and covenants that can eliminate the productive and peaceful coexistence and hinder the growth of human beings. Although in this research, health and hygiene were divided into several aspects, we should have a holistic view on them.

  Collection, secretion, and burial of waste products by scientific and economic methods are from the main problems with regard to hygiene and environment. Evaluation of the current situation and the ways that individuals, families, and industrial managers deal with this issue are basic steps towards applying the right methods in this regard. This study was carried out to predict the effective factors on the waste collection behavior in Kerman using the health belie model. This cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted in Kerman city in 2015. The stratified random sampling method was conducted and 400 general practitioners were selected. A researcher-made questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model was applied. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were confirmed. Data collected using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficient, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were analyzed by SPSS version 16. The results showed that the mean age of participants was 28.12 ± 1.06 years. The benefits, severity, and perceived sensitivity had the highest means, respectively. No significant relationship was found among individuals' education, awareness, and perceived sensitivity. Considering the variables of perceived barriers, benefits, and severity, the significant level was less than 0.05. Two-thirds of the participations introduced "home" as the best place to conduct the desired behavior. Perceived benefits, severity, and sensitivity were identified as the best predictors of waste collection behavior. So, in order to improve the behavior, we recommend planning based on the health belief model with an emphasis on the reduction of barriers and increase of the perceived benefits and severity.

  Kidney transplantation is the best treatment for patients with advanced kidney diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of transplanted kidney survival and compare the efficiency of Cox semi-parametric model with the parametric models in determination of survival effective factors. This is a historic cohort study including the information of 381 ESRD patients, who underwent kidney transplant surgery from December 2007 to March 2016 in Noor hospital of Isfahan, Iran. In order to identify the effective factors in transplantation survival, the parametric and semi-parametric models were fitted with data and Akaike informationcriterion was used for detecting the most efficient model. Data analysis was carried out with R software, Version 3.1.0 at thesignificance level of 0.05. According to the Kaplan-Mayer method, 1-, 3-, 5-, and 8-year survival rates of transplanted kidney were estimated as 0.987, 0.933, 0.869, and 0.839, respectively. Multi-variable analysis of all fitted models indicated that the duration of dialysis before transplantation (P ≤0.05) and the level of creatinine at the time of discharge from hospital (p≤0.05) had significant relationship with survival of transplanted kidney. Akaike values of Cox, Weibull, exponential, lognormal, and log-logistic models were calculated as 484, 484, 482, 484, and 356, respectively. Based on the Akaike information criterion, the Cox semi-parametric model was selected and proposed as the superior model.

  Kindergartens are the first social environments where children are directly exposed to possible contaminations from other children. Factors such as having uncontrolled urination, putting hand, toys, and different objects into the mouth, and sharing objects with other children facilitate the spread of bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of bacterial contamination of toys in kindergartens of Yazd city, Iran. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 324 samples of toys made of either cloth, wood, or plastic were collected from kindergartens at three regions of Yazd, Iran. The swab samples obtained from toys' surface were cultured directly on the bacteriologic culture media blood agar and eosin methylene blue. Specific culture medium with biochemical tests and diagnostic disks were used to determine the genus and species of bacteria. Chi-square test was run for statistical analysis of data. The p value of < 0.05 was considered as the level of significant difference. The most common bacterial colonization of toys found in the kindergartens was Staphylococcus epidermidis (48.3%). Toys made from cloth (with 3914 CFU/cm2) and the municipality region 3 (with 4645 CFU/cm2) showed the highest amount of contamination among the toy materials and different regions, respectively. Assessment of common contaminations in kindergartens may help the authorities to determine the possible causes of pediatric infections and provide them with a more comprehensive knowledge about the personal as well as environmental hygiene. So, by identification of these contaminations, we can modify the underlying factors, reduce the pollutions, and improve the health of children.

  Male infertility has increased during recent years in countries of the world including Iran. Among many factors that influence the infertility, smoking, alcohol, and addictive drugs were investigated in this study. This case-control retrospective study was conducted on 600 male patients consisting of 300 individuals with natural semen and 300 people with defective semen. The first step in investigation of infertility in each couple was to conduct a spermogram to detect the male infertility. The case group included men who referred to the Yazd Infertility Treatment Center and had at least one abnormal test result among considering the parameters of semen test. The control group included the men who referred to the same center and had normal semen test result. The data collection tools were a researcher-made checklist based on the parameters required for the study with epidemiological and observational design, as well as the semen analysis test. The age mean in the case and control groups were 34.71 and 33.82 years with the standard deviation of ± 7.3 and ± 6.41, respectively. The means of marriage age in the case and control groups were 26.28 and 26.28 ±5.3 years, respectively. The mean duration of infertility in the case group was 6.30 ± 4.60 and in the control group was 5.15± 3.88. No significant difference was observed between the mean age (P = 0.084) and marital age (P = 0.448) in two groups, but the mean duration of infertility (P <0.001) was significantly different between the two groups .The prevalence of smoking was significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.032). Considering the daily frequency of smoking, the highest rate was 11-20 cigarettes in both groups (case group 21.7% and control group 15.3%). The P value was set at 0.018. In this study, smoking and consumption of alcohol were not considered as the predictive factors of semen quality, but consumption of drugs and the age of starting consumption of drugs had a significant relationship with the semen disorders.

  Risky behaviors and unhealthy lifestyles are significantly associated with mortality of adolescents. So, this study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of social-educational inoculation program based on the Islamic approach and stress inoculation training on the lifestyle of second-grade high school female students with risky behaviors in Yazd. This study was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design, in which two experimental groups and one control group were investigated. The statistical population included all high school female students studying in Yazd in the academic year of 2015-2016. The participants included 54 female students with risky behaviors, who were categorized into three groups using the multistage random sampling method. Then, the groups were randomly selected as the experimental and control groups. The educational interventions were conducted in 12 sessions of one hour and 15 minutes once a week during three months. Data collection instruments were the scale of risky behaviors (Zadeh Mohammadi et al.) and lifestyle questionnaire (Laali et al.). Lifestyle questionnaires were completed by students before and after training. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 using covariance and LST. The pretest mean scores of lifestyle in the experimental group with social-educational inoculation program based on the Islamic approach was 140/77, with stress inoculation training was 139.27, and the mean score of the control group was 141.55.I In posttest, these mean scores were 156.83, 139.22, and 140.94, respectively. The results showed that the lifestyle mean scores improved in participants who attended the social-educational inoculation program based on Islamic approach (sig= 0/001). However, the participants who attended the stress inoculation training did not have any significantly difference in this regard (sig=0/085).

  Chlorofluorocarbons are one of the most important ozone-depleting substances used as coolant gases in refrigerators and freezers in developing countries such as Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice toward the protection of cooling systems and control of ozone-depleting gases emission into the environment among health volunteers in Yazd city, Iran. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 health volunteers in Yazd in 2014. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing four parts of demographic data, knowledge, attitude, and practice of health volunteers. The data were analyzed by descriptive tests, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health volunteers were 8.12 ± 4.02 (range 0-23), 66.82 ± 7.55 (range 19-95), and 8.21 ± 1.47 (range 0-12). A positive and significant correlation was also observed between the three variables of knowledge, attitude, and practice of volunteers regarding the protection of cooling systems and controlling the emission of ozone-depleting gases into the environment (p <0.05). The knowledge of health volunteers, as an effective stratum in the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the community, about depletion of the ozone layer, as one of the most important environmental issues, was not at an appropriate level. Therefore, educating and promoting the knowledge level of health volunteers is of great importance as the most basic part of making health behaviors.

Considering the increasing rate of HIV virus in human societies and given the immune deficiency in HIV positive people, the prevalence of infections such as toxoplasmosis has been higher among these patients. In other words, in the case of not treating this infection, it can be fatal. Furthermore, due to favorable conditions provided for the parasite in these hosts, the presence of species resistant to treatment or with pathogenesis is more probable. This risk threatens the entire community. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in HIV positive patients, who referred to the Treatment Centers of Yazd in 2014 This cross-sectional study was conducted on 84 patients with HIV in behavioral health counseling centers in Yazd. In this study, IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA and CD4 cell counts methods using the flow-cytometry for all patients. Chi-square test was run to evaluate the relationship between the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in terms of independent variables at a significance level of 5 percent. We found that 4.52 percent of patients had positive IgG results. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the studied patients and variables, such as gender, age, drug addiction, and income (p-value > 0.05). Considering the transfer of the disease, results of this study showed that 3 cases (3.6%), 20 cases (23.8%), and 57 cases (67.9%) of the disease transmitted from mother to child, spouse, and the person him/her-self, which included 95.3 percent. The disease transmission method was not determined in other four patients. High risk groups of society, especially people with intravenous addiction and high-risk sexual contacts should be informed and screened about the risk factors of contamination with HIV. In this regard, logical and practical planning, educational programs, and treatment measures are required to reduce the high-risk behaviors among this group.