مجله تاریخ نگری و تاریخ نگاری
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 20 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

Land of the Arabic Maghreb and Andalusia are parts of the land of the famous Traditional Islamic world. These areas have been deeply influenced by Islam and Islamic culture. North Africa was eventful on an extremely large scale. The region, because of its extent and geographical situation and also staying far from the Central and Eastern Islamic lands was impressed by Kharijites, Ismailis, Alavis, who influenced Berber tribes and caused numerous developments. They founded the first big government which was independent of the Abbasid Caliphate. However, the history of this region was not well expressed in the works of Historians of Central and Eastern Islamic lands. Perhaps only Ibn al-Athir has tried to express the events and developments in Arabic Maghreb and Andalusia. He has criticized Tabari on having less attention to the history of this area. The problem is that Ibn al-Athir has not mentioned his historical sources about this region. This article, by the means of comparing, is about to introduce a number of sources on Islamic Maghreb events that were used by Ibn al-Athir.

One of the social groups of the Qajar era, which played a significant role in the writing of historical works, are Qajar princes. One of these princes who, despite being blind, wrote a historical work is Jahangir Mirza the son of Abbas Mirza Nayeb al-Saltaneh. He called his book "Tarikh-e Now". Tarikh-e Now is the first historical work written in the era of Nasir al-Dinshah. In this research, we have tried to find an understanding of the insight, method, audience and attitudes governing this work through the descriptive-analytical method and the internal and external critique of this work. The damages of contemporary historiography, the influence of the author's social situation, the dominance of the discourse of the Iran-Russia wars, the dominance of the political unit, the simple writing style, descriptive dominance over the analytical aspect, are the features, weaknesses and advantages of this historical work.

Many intellectual schools in the world, either philosophical or religious, have presented special interpretation and approach in the concept of history and time. Therefore, various and multi-perspective philosophy of history and historical theology have been formed in this field. Ancient Iranians, believed a special philosophy of history which reflects their ideology and religious impression. This philosophy of history is not result of a specified time or is not influenced by a special event, but is result of a gradual evolution during 1000 year that bears specific characteristics. Zoroastrianism is the most important factor in formation and orientation of history in ancient Iran that brought up cyclic and linear attitudes at its core and has given a special direction to that. This viewpoint was influenced by the thoughts of other nations and also has had deep impact on the other religious-philosophical beliefs. Therefore, the philosophical perspective of this religion is surveyed across history and time, because generality and span of this religion in ancient Iran time is more than the other religions. Therefore, the requisiteness of attention to this approach can contain a more detailed cognizance in forming civic and social life in ancient Iran. In this research, it has been tried to present a documentary and scientific image from this aspect Iranians' idea, by studying intellectual and religious sources which are mentioned in Middle Persian texts and sometimes in non-Iranian texts.

Tabaristan was conquered during Al-Mansour (158-137 AH) after one and a half centuries of resistance to the Arabs. From then on Tabaristan was managed by Abbasid Governors. Our knowledge of the governors of the province is primarily based on historical sources and Arab-Tabaristan coins. Despite the information that is available from Abbasid governors in various sources, determining the precise timing of each and every one of them due to the inconsistency of written texts with numismatic evidences is a challenge for the researchers. The purpose of this research is to answer this question that what are the reasons of the difference between the information extracted from the sources and from the Abbasid coins in Tarbristan? To answer this question, a descriptive-analytical approach has been used. The results of the studies indicate that the political and social turmoil during this period, due to the dissatisfaction of the local people and Ispahbads in the region, as well as the administrative hierarchy of the Abbasids, led to the permanent dismissal and appointment of governors by the Abbasid Caliphs, which could be a reason for incomplete or sometimes mistaken reporting in historical texts. Therefore, coins can be considered as the most important resources and means for establishing the chronology of the rule of Abbasid governors. As the result of present study, in addition to finding an answer to the reasons for the heterogeneity in the chronology of the government of governors, a new and accurate list of the governors in Tabaristan is presented.

The historiography of Iran-Iraq war in the West, started shortly after the start of the battle, by the experts and strategists .It has been continued with remarkable gains through more than sixty books and hundreds of articles and speeches, since then. however, Iranians scholars have not have enough attention to this subject , so we do not see critical analysis about the views of Western strategists in Iran. But now, After nearly four decades of historiography of war in the West, we can classify the works in five phases based on the most important developments in the Persian Gulf region. It is possible to know the features of these phases and their evolutions because of relative similarity of Western works in each period. So, that is the main subject in this article. which reviews based on the books published in English, in Europe and America. We used the analytical method, with the use of these sources, directly.

The influence of exaggerated words in the hadiths of the Imams (AS), especially during the time of the “short absenteeism”, has created many problems in the religious believes of people in the next centuries. The Book of Basa'r-al-Darajat by Mohammad ibn al-Hassan al-Saffar, who died in the year 290, is one of the works that seems to have contained a limited number of hadiths with exaggerated concepts and has given an super natural personality to the Imams (AS), while the same accounts of the Imams (AS), which are mentioned in a large number of Imams' credible sources, do not endorse such a view. Therefore, the question arises as to whether this attitude can be attributed to the intellectual principles of Shi’ite Imamyyeh (Twelver Shi’ite). Investigating and extracting information about the author, his time, his intellectual environment, and his narrators, along with a comparison of the content of his work with other authoritative Shi’ite scholars in this period, can clarify the dimensions of this issue. In order to investigate the possibility of exaggeration in parts of this book, meanwhile we study why the narrations of this book have not been quoted in the book by some authoritative narrators such as Muhammad ibn Hassan ibn Waleed, A certain number of dubious hadiths were chosen and overwhelmed with the works of other Shi’ite elders, in particular, and specifically in Kotob e Arbiah .The result shows that among the statistical society of the chosen hadiths of this research, which most of all have exaggerated content, only two cases are in Osole Kafi and one case has a similar narrative in Sheikh Sadough's book, and the rest has not been narrated in none of the authentic Shi'a's narriative books. This shows disproportion of content of these hadiths with Imamiyyi's intellectual foundations.

Constitutional revolution is one of the most important occurrences in the contemporary history of Iran that was known as the modern era of the history of Iran. This revolution was assessed from deferent approaches since occurrence in 1906 so far. Arising and continuity of thought disputes about this revolution indicate that and necessity of critical dialogue about that. This article assessed Dr. Katozian’s viewpoint about the constitutional revolution in Iran. Katozian is one of Iranians’ researchers about problems of modern Iran and has offered special and rare viewpoints about the constitutional revolution in Iran in his books. This article attempts to assess Katozian’s approaches about the theory of Iranian revolution, aims, agencies and important concepts of constitutional revolution, with analytical method. The article concludes some of Katozian’s ideas are correct and some others are not, therefore invites Katozian and other theorists to rethink about constitutional revolution.