Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Summer and Autumn 2018

The fat, oil, and grease (FOG) deposition onto pipes is a serious problem in wastewater management, especially in restaurants that have a limited space and no expert for water treatment. In this research effects of ozonized water treatment on controlling FOG deposition were discussed using lard as a model FOG deposit. Since ozonized water can be produced from tap water with an electrolysis ozonized water generator, ozonized water treatment has a potential to be a compact and easily operable process. A series of batch tests with 24-hours contact time revealed that ozonized water successfully prevented liquid lard from solidifying and enhanced the elution of solid lard. Both functions were proportionally intensified with the increase in ozone consumption. An intermittent ozonized-water flushing with 200-seconds contact time using a model drainpipe, whose inner wall was covered with solid lard, was also effective in removing lard from the drainpipe with the linear relationship between the lard elution and the ozone consumption. The observed ratio of the cumulative mass of eluted lard to the cumulative ozone consumption was 1.15±0.04 mgC/mgO3. Thus, the intermittent flushing of drainpipe with ozonized water was inferred to be an effective option for controlling FOG deposition.

Wastewater reuse has been attracted a lot of attention in recent years especially in places with low water availability. The effluents that were considered to be discharged are now could be used as potential sources of reusable water. In this study, variables affecting the removal of ethylene glycol (EG) by adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC) from the synthetic wastewater solutions were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design. The investigated factors were temperature, EG concentration, contact time, activated carbon amount and granular size. Adsorption kinetic was also studied and an acceptable correlation between Langmuir model and experimental data was observed. As a result, a modified third degree equation was proposed and used to find the optimized condition. The maximum adsorption was achieved at 27.7 ºC with 0.8 g of 20-30 mesh activated carbons for an EG feed concentration of 135 mg/L at 210 minutes.

The filtration performance of coupling modified polyethersulfone (PES) membrane by coupling diazonium reaction and 25 wt.% aniline modified polyethersulfone (APES /PES) blended membrane by radically diazonium reaction for treating of licorice aqueous solution was verified systematically and compared to bare NF PES membrane. The effect of operational pressure and cross-flow velocity on permeation flux and rejection were evaluated. All experiments were employed in a lab scale cross-flow filtration equipment with effective area of 40 cm2. The applied operational pressure and cross-flow velocity were diverse from 6 to 12 bar and 0.5 to 2.5 cm/s respectively. The obtained results of rejection for licorice aqueous solution were between 84.4% to 99.2%. The durability and antifouling performance of membranes were assessed through long-term filtration of licorice aqueous solution.

Electrochemical oxidation process has been shown to be a favourable choice for Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removals from various types of wastewaters. The technique was employed for mineralization of semi-aerobic landfill leachate. Leachate sampling were carried out from Pulau Burung Landfill Site (PBLS), Penang, Malaysia. The main objective was to determine the effectiveness of electrochemical oxidation in leachate treatment using aluminum electrodes which are relatively nontoxic and cost-effective. The influence of pH, reaction time, current density, electrolyte concentration, agitation rate and dilution on COD and color removals was investigated. The highest COD and color removal were obtained as 57.1% and 72.0% respectively at pH 8, current density 60 mA/cm2, electrolyte concentration 2000 mg/L, agitation rate 400 rpm, dilution 50% and reaction time 4 h. The energy consumption was determined as 128 kWh/m3 for this type of landfill leachate. The study shows that electrochemical oxidation can be used as a step of shared treatment.

Dam break is an important phenomenon which significantly affects the environment as well as the inhabitants of the downstream areas of the dam. In the present study, the hydraulic break of Malpasset dam as a result of sudden flooding was simulated numerically using the FLOW-3D software. The two-equation k-ε turbulence models and RNG k-ε turbulence model were used to simulate the flow field turbulence. Also, the free-surface variations of the flow were simulated using the VOF (Volume of Fluid) scheme. The results obtained from the numerical model were in good agreement with those predicted by the EDF model. Based on the simulation results, the maximum pressure occurred at the lower layers of the flow and reduced as the free surface of the flow was approached. The maximum pressure increased at each point in time. The maximum longitudinal velocity occurred at the front of the advancing wave resulting from break of the dam, and subsequently decreased due to the increasing depth at the downstream of the dam. Additionally, the effects of obstacles with different shapes on the flow pattern arising from dam break (due to sudden flooding) were also investigated. Examination of these effects revealed that the cubic obstacle placed obliquely in the flow direction produced the maximum separation region at its downstream. Conversely, this separation region was eliminated completely when a cylindrical obstacle was used. The maximum and minimum Froude numbers were obtained for the flow encountering the perpendicular cubic obstacle and the flow impacting the cylindrical obstacle, respectively.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of irrigationwith polluted water on soil properties in two water treatment as river water and well water during two years on Gharesoo River located in Dorodfaraman district, in 20 km south of Kermanshah. This study was performed in three soil layers 30, 60 & 90 cm with three replications in a randomized complete block design. Different soil properties including gradation curve, coefficients of uniformity (Cu) and curvature (Cc), saturation hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and other parameters such as bulk and practical density (ρb& ρa) and porosity (η) were determined. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no uniform trend between various parameters. Using the polluted water caused a significant difference at 1% level on saturated hydraulic conductivity and uniformity coefficient at 5% level on curvature coefficient but on the other soil properties, no significant difference was found. Gradation curve of contaminated water had been transferred to the lower and right that this represented an increase of particles size. Also, the use of contaminated water increased uniformity and curvature coefficients then it improved these coefficients and the soil was more non-uniform. The results showed that irrigation with polluted water in loamy soil increased saturated hydraulic conductivity ratio but it decreased bulk and practical density significantly. It can be concluded that the use of polluted water increased the soil porosity.

Predicting the river discharge is one of the important subjects in water resources engineering. This subject is of utmost importance in terms of planning, management, and policy of water resources with the aim of economic and environmental development, especially in a country like Iran with limited water resources. Awareness of the relation between rainfall and runoff of basins is an inseparable past of water design studies. Lack of sufficient data on rainfall-runoff due to the absence of appropriate hydrometric stations reveals the importance of using indirect methods and heuristic algorithms for estimating the basins' runoff more than before. In the present research, the genetic programming model has been employed to simulate the rainfall-runoff process of Khorramabad River basin, and in order to introduce the patterns and identify the best pattern dominating the nature of flow, all statistical data were divided into two groups of training and experiment (52 percent training and 48 percent experiment) and the program was implemented for 1000 replications using fitting functions and going through replication and developmental processes so as to find the optimal replication. Moreover, in order to evaluate the relations obtained from the simulator model, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) indexes and Coefficient of Determination (R2) have been used. The investigations demonstrate that the employed equation 3 has the greatest relevance with the observational data. Therefore, it is recommended that the said equation be used for the rainfall-runoff studies of the abovementioned basin. Based on the results, the genetic programming model is an accurate direct method for predicting the discharge of Khorramabad River basin.