نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 36 (آذر 1397)

One of the most important changes in the Middle East region during the recent years, which has had impacts on the Islamic Republic of Iran, is the formation of Takfiri or terrorist groups. This issue not only has influenced the security basics, but also it has threatened the security of Islamic Republic of Iran on different aspects. The present study seeks to survey the Philosophy of ISIL formation and its impact on security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The methodology of the research is descriptive-analytical and the theoretical framework of the study is based on the Copenhagen School as a security school that considers security extensively and not only beyond military security, but also its social, political and economic aspects. The hypothesis of the research suggests that the formation of ISIL in favor of the regional objectives of the United States and its Western allies and in line with the policies of the actors of the Arab compromise axis. Moreover, its strengthening has resulted in a decreased coefficient of the security of Islamic Republic of Iran in its vast dimensions.

The importance of victim’s role is one of the most controversial issues in the Court, which can create a fair trial. Before the ratification of the constitution, many negotiations were among the members. In 2012, the president of the International Criminal Court, described the Statute of the Court as a barrier to preventing crimes in his speech at the Universal Parliamentary Conference on Human Rights; stating that the Court brings about Justice to prevent crimes. The present study applies a descriptive-analytic approach to examine the status of the victim in the International Criminal Court. To consider this issue, the Rome Statute and the other relevant regulations have been considered. The research hypothesis is that the Rome Statute, by recognizing the importance of the role of the victim against the convict's immunity, has balanced legal systems, resulted in innovation and a system of justice. Moreover, in response, victim participation is one of the improvements in restorative justice; nevertheless, the Court's procedures are not in consistent with this position.

During the 17-years life of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the organization have been successful increasing its international role, and with acceptation of Mongolia in 2004, Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan as Supervisory Members and India and Pakistan as Permanent members, it has changed to an over-regional organization. In the current essay, the vision of the organization’s state in the Security arrangements of the Middle East is being argued. To achieve this purpose, using the descriptive-analytic method and utilizing the Barry Buzan’s point of views as theoretical foundations of the research, first of all the fivefold definition of Military Security, Political Security, Commercial Security, Environmental Security and Social Security among the aspects of the security topic will be discussed, and after mentioning the history and structure of the organization, its most consequential goals are explained. This discussion will be followed by considering the profits of playing a role in the Middle East for the organization and its Security arrangements concentrating on Buzan’s definition about security aspects, such as prevention of Unilateralism, extension of strategic penetration, energy supply and new transportation channels, finding new commercial markets and fight against terrorism. And finally, the organization’s effect on the security arrangements of Middle East is analyzed. In the final part of the essay, the key points of the horizon extended in front of the Islamic Republic of Iran in converting from a Supervisory Member to a Permanent member and the related opportunities and obstacles are discussed as well as its key drivers.

International organizations have legal capacity as one of the subordinators of the international law and in accordance with their legal actions and authorities arising from their legal personality in the international system. The legal personality of international organizations renders them legal capacity to accomplish certain actions in the international system as well as the member states in accordance with the legal authority which is also reflected in Article 104 of the Charter of the United Nations. Therefore, all member states and the world community are obliged to comply with general and specific international organizations’ decisions. However, some countries through a unilateral legal approach based on political interests, violate the general and specific international organizations decisions, and somehow their legal rights. Respecting the legal personality of international organizations and helping them with doing their tasks and applying their authorities effectively and efficiently at the domestic and international levels are the duties of the governments. The librarian research of the documents and founding treaties, and the field study of the operational procedures of international organizations show the delimitations of their legal capacity in recruitment, duties and authorities. The impressive international and domestic causes and factors of the international organizations arising from the international law subordinators are some of the questions that need to be answered and the legal solutions to tackle them should be provided. The lack of structural and managerial independence on the one hand, and the lack of effective enforcement guarantees, on the other hand is the main cause of the delimitations of the international organizations’ legal capacity.

The present article seeks to explain and evaluate the theory of ethical intuitionism in justifying moral propositions. At first it explains the concept of justification using the task-oriented and voluntary views and examines the factors, structure, types and sources of justification based on Fumerton and Walter's theories through descriptive-analytic method. The author attempts to distinguish between philosophical justification and other common ethical justification among people. Since cognitivists and realists believe that the justification of ethical propositions are justifiable in comparison to other ethical views, the red lines between these theories and the opposite views have been carefully clarified in the form of a brief discussion. In the end, ethical intuitionism, as one of the most important and popular justifiable ideas in this field, has been surveyed. Moreover, weak and the strength points of the theory in justifying ethical propositions in comparison to the other types of justification are explained.

Motivation is one of the most important aspects of human life. In such a way that a person is motivated to survive, survive, work, and even change, and without the motive of a man's life without moving, he will be stagnant, cold and loose. Respecting the motivation of all people is an important point in learning. The purpose of this paper is to study the importance and position of motivation in adult education. To cultivate, new behaviors must be learned, but we need to be motivated to act on what we have learned. The importance of motivation, if not more than learning, is not less. In order to change the behavior of learners, the factors related to motivation and the extent of their impact must be identified. In contrast, academic failure is one of the main problems of educational systems in the current world. Each year, large amounts of financial resources and human resources, educational and educational resources are devoted to this problem. The present study, conducted by the review-librarian methodology, comprehensively examines the causes and factors of motivation from different perspectives, especially psychological aspects that can be effective in academic achievement of students. Also, suggestions to raise awareness and interest in learning in students. Finally, it can be said that what triggers human activity is motivation. In the sense of motivation, it plays the role of the starter and man is going through the rest of the way through learning.

Urban spaces in the context of history are the realm of various social functions, and these functions are always in direct connection with the public and urban arena. Urban furniture is very important in building the city's identity, beauty and legibility. Nowadays, furniture and landscapes of cities have been found to be unfortunate and undesirable in the hearts of the dead, cold, and inferior to the atmosphere, with which there is no attraction and beauty, but it is worse for the disabled and the devotees. This research investigates the role of urban furniture in the sense of relaxation and security of the disabled. The research methodology is based on library and documentary studies, field observations, interviews and obtaining data through a questionnaire and analyzing information by SPSS software. The population of the population with a population of 4365 in Bojnourd, according to the Cochran formula, was 200 people. The results show that the total average value obtained in relation to the assessment of the furniture in the park was 2.95, which is lower than the average level and the sign The disapproval of the visitors was due to the status of the furniture layout and the facilities in the park. In Pearson, the creation of vitality using appropriate urban furniture in the Bojnourd Student Park will give a sense of comfort to the disabled, and between the appropriate furniture and the comfort of the soul and psychological disability had a significant meaningful relationship Is.