فصلنامه جامعه شناسی کاربردی
سال سی‌ام شماره 1 (پیاپی 73، بهار 1398)

  The field of action of the spectator covers a broad range, from the simple act of buying a ticket to decoding and interpreting the performative text. Because of the live nature of theater, audience is of greater importance in theater as it is one of the few arts in which the spectator is part of the definition of the art in terms of the thematic and performative status; Furthermore, in modern societies, the consumption behaviors of individuals provide the basis for the formation of social identity. Consumption is based on perception and way of valuation and is consequently selective and derived from attitudes, values and tastes; it symbolizes the characteristics through which the individual is judged. This process of selection emerges in the cultural consumption, cultivated taste, and the cultural competence used in the nature of cultural goods and the way they are consumed – originates from the extent to which cultural capital is possessed; and the indices of cultural capital can be official education, family background and occupational cultural. That is why art and cultural consumption are predisposed, consciously and deliberately or not, to fulfil a social function of legitimating social differences. The studies by Pierre Bourdieu, as one of the most influential cultural sociologists, on habits of art consumption constitute a part of his broader sociology dealing with the cultural and material structures of inequality in society. In Bourdieu’s sociology it is argued that culture is an important domain of the struggle between social groups and classes, where there is an incessant, endless conflict over the bases of identity and hierarchy. Taste is one of the most vital stakes in the struggles fought in the field of the dominant class and the field of cultural production. In fact, like many other cultural studies theorists, Bourdieu is interested more than anything else in examining the relationship between culture and power. In this regard Bourdieu deals with “the charismatic conception which, by refusing to take into consideration the social conditions of production and reception, makes it impossible to fully understand cultural phenomena and, moreover, produces effects of symbolic violence in that it conceals the mechanisms that hinder access to culture, thereby making it a rare good, inaccessible to the majority. According to Bourdieu, that is why art and cultural consumption are predisposed, consciously and deliberately or not, to fulfil a social function of legitimating social differences. For the same reason Bourdieu believes that people internalize their class realities and express them through their cultural choice. Thus, the origins of differences among individuals manifest themselves in the field of culture, and university field and education certificates play a key role in legitimizing the cultural capital of individuals. The considerable increase in the number of theater halls in the last decade has resulted in fundamental changes in the process of production and consumption of theater in Tehran, affecting various agents, from production teams and theater owners to spectators. The present research examines the causes and meanings of these changes using the theoretical concepts of Bourdieu’s sociology and by considering the importance of university field in the formation of cultural capital and establishing the legitimate taste. Since a popular belief about theater spectators in Iran is that they are only members of the elite and intellectuals of the society and also due to discussion and debates arising as a result of the increase in the number of theater halls in Tehran and the entrance of new spectators into the circle of theater-goers, as well as the importance of educational capital in the formation of taste in the framework of Bourdieu’s thought, the present research, by explaining and classifying habitus and the capitals of legitimate theater field and examining the relationship between the capitals and interests of new spectators and those of university field agents, deals with the formation and analysis of their tastes. This study also seeks to analyze how legitimate theater field is defined and its boundaries are determined by the audience and the academics; because of the interests they seek, the audiences of these subfields employ strategies and struggles in order to legitimize their definition of legitimate theater field. The interaction between the habitus and capital of the audience of private theater field and agents of university field and the struggles and strategies of each party in theater fields are analyzed so that the way for the analysis and classification of their actions and choices is paved. Thus, using the methodological framework of Pierre Bourdieu and the causal and interpretative analysis of the experimental data collected through qualitative (semi-structured interview and observation) and quantitative (mixed questionnaire) methods in theater and university fields, the differences in cultivated tastes of professors, students and theater audience and the areas for their application in legitimate theater field have been studied. data collection in the interviews was conducted based on the process of “grounded theory”. People in the study are selected based on their relevance to the subject of the research. They are not selected for constructing a (statistically) representative sample of a general population. Thus, of all different types of semi-structured interviews, the present study will focus on problem-centered interview because In particular, by using an interview guide incorporating questions and narrative stimuli it is possible to collect biographical data with regard to a certain problem; and also process orientation in the research process and in the understanding of the object of research. In order to cover both theater and university fields, in-depth interviews were carried out with ten university professors, twenty-eight drama students and graduates and sixteen theater spectators (educated in majors other than arts). Based on distinctions between these two fields, the geographical position of theater halls, type of performance, whether the theater hall was a private or state hall, the time of the play, and the price of the ticket, the spectators of the following plays were considered as the research population; overall, 48 spectators (each performance four people, 28 students of performing arts and 16 spectators educated in majors other than arts) were studied (through interviews and questionnaires).
Since the present research is based on an a priori theoretical framework – Bourdieu’s field theory – directed content analysis was used to analyze the interviews. For this purpose, by relying on Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts to focus on research questions, and by taking into account predications regarding the relationships among research variables, the key concept for the classification of initial codes for theater spectators was institutional cultural capital; and, for university professors, it was their presence or absence in the field of production of theater.

With the formation of and the increase in the number of private theater halls in Tehran and subsequently the increase in the number of agents in the fields of production and consumption, three important changes occurred in theater field. Changes in the habitus of production field, which because of withdrawal of financial support of the government, resulted in shorter rehearsal time, employment of well-known cinema and television actors to attract large audiences, and the use of texts and plays most favored by spectators. The transformation of the de-limited field of theater production to the large-scale field of production resulted in the entrance of new spectators into the field of theater, with their different interests, habitus and cultural capital, and a taste quite different from that of former spectators. These distinctions are mainly shaped by institutional cultural capital and the background of the spectator in the field of theater. The economic dependence of theater field on the presence of these new spectators has caused theatrical performances to adapt themselves to the cultural capital and habitus of these spectators. This led to an increase in the symbolic violence exerted by the agents of educational institutions and some production agents on private theater and their spectators and taste. Cultural capital has been used less and less in waging struggles in the legitimate theater field and determining the moves for struggle, and economic capital and the presence of larger audiences played a more prominent role in the logic of production and consumption of the legitimate theater field; this means that the effect of agents, especially agents in university field, who enjoy cultural capital has decreased. In other words, these new spectators and their new taste have gradually turned into the field of power in theater field, and it is their taste – cultural capital and habitus – that imposes its system of perception and classification on theater field and has been able to somehow eliminate distinction in theater halls and the types of performance by taking a central positions.

 
With the advent of the modern world and the prevalence of modernity Women's employment has become a challenging issue. So that some said, The presence of women in the community has led to the growth of women and society and some of the researchers said women's employment are a factor in the removal of mothers from marital and maternal duties. Having a mother with a child's birth finds meaning and the mother's nourishment will cause the baby and the mother to develop physically and mentally. On the other hand, in recent years, the increase in women's education and the subsequent employment of women has made women's employment in our country a social issue and a serious challenge. This article seeks to examine the experiences of women living in Isfahan in breastfeeding laws.  
To the view of these women about employment and lactation. The method used in this research is qualitative and in the method of phenomenology. For this purpose, 16 employed married women with purposeful sampling were selected through purposeful sampling. And they were interviewed deeply. What they got from their interviews were classified in 256 code descriptions. Of these descriptive codes, 24 code assignments were categorized. Finally, 6 explanatory codes were extracted. These explanatory codes include: "Supporting family, job patterns, personality patterns, mother alternatives, work-family activities and non-supporting workplaces."


What was obtained from this 6 coding shows most contributors have had a positive attitude toward their employment. But on the other hand, there are limits to maternity and lactation at work. The mothers in this study believe that the rules of lactation in the work environment are not properly observed. On the other hand, since there is no suitable space for keeping children in the workplace, the high distance between the workplace and the child's place of residence makes mothers virtually unable to use milk pass. Moms often refer to short maternity leave. Mother must return to the work environment where the child is still dependent on the mother and fed with breast milk. On the other hand, the mother faces physical weakness due to delivery and lactation. And this leads to a reduction in breast milk and, in some cases, to discontinue breastfeeding. In this study, mothers often refer to the role of husband's support as a factor in the success of breastfeeding. That is, mothers who have been exclusively breastfed, their husband has been involved in breastfeeding and home affairs. The relationship between the spouses as a factor in the creation of maternal tranquility plays a crucial role in breastfeeding. In mothers who have had a cold emotional relationship with spouses or with violence from their spouses, they have encountered difficulties in lactation the study found that grandmothers play a decisive role in breastfeeding. So that their physical and mental support from mother to child encourages motherhood and increases lactation in mothers.In general, most mothers who can successfully complete the lactation period have adequate support. Guilty feelings about a child are often seen among working women. This guilty sense of duality in the roles of femininity and motherhood on the one hand has social and occupational roles on the other. This can have a decisive role in undermining the mothers' morale and lactation. The feeling of guilty sentiment was somewhat diminished if it had adequate support and a good alternative to child care. Research has shown that mother's beliefs and knowledge and mother's confidence play an important role in breastfeeding mothers. The mothers who participated in this study had high beliefs and beliefs about breastfeeding and the lack of use of infant formula. And this makes the mothers bear the hardships.

  Existing facts denote that happiness is not in an appropriate state in Iran and Illam province, while nowadays happiness is one of the most important elements of development and welfare and crucial factor in social order too. Current research tried to study and identify effective factors on happiness in Illam province and make some recommendations to increase it. After review of literature and identify the most effective variables on happiness in previous researches, the theoretical debates have been studied and categorized in philosophical, religious and scientific (sociology and psychology) fields. There are three general approaches in social sciences and psychology including cognitive, social and critical that address happiness. Current research was based on social approach. It has three subcategories that theoretical framework has been formulated based on them: collective behaviors (Durkheim’s approach), cultural and historical characteristics (Inglehart’s theory) and institutional processes (Giddens’s approach). Methodologically, current research was a mixed design that has been conducted in exploratory design. In first step, qualitative method has been implemented. The data gathered by semi-structured interviews and analyzed by thematic analysis. Then, the metric has been designed for survey. In qualitative section, the participants are 48 who have been chosen by purposive sampling. They have been consisted of two groups: ordinary people (36) and experts & researchers (12). In quantitative section, the multi-stage cluster sampling has been used and sample size has been 744. The quantitative data have been analyzed by SPSS statistical software and presented at two descriptive and inferential levels. Maxwell’s model of validity including descriptive, interpretive and theoretical validity has been used in qualitative section. In quantitative part, validity has been examined by face validity. Reliability has been confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.
Discussion of Results and The main identified themes that have been drawn are four including: First, happiness as liberty which has two sub-themes: negative liberty (being free from any unpleasant factor that is preventive of peace and good life) and positive liberty (having necessary facilities for pursuit goals and priorities of life). The Second theme is happiness as adjustment which means harmony and fitness between subjective and objective conditions of life. Third, happiness as life satisfaction or positive evaluation of life, and the forth one is happiness ass power that being able to accept and dealing with troubles and unpleasant affaires and their negative consequences. In addition, the results of statistical analysis show that the relationship between such variables as social trust, wealth, ontological security, social integration, religiousness and kinship relations with happiness has been indirect. Anomie has had an inverse effect on happiness. The findings of path analysis show that amongst variables that have been studied, social trust has strongest impact on happiness. It could be said that due to decrease of social trust, social integration and kinship relations have been weaken and anomie has increased. Anomie, in turn, leads to decrease in ontological security. The final result of this cycle is decrease in happiness.
Based on findings, six general strategies have been formulated to improve happiness, including economic and expanding welfare strategy, reconstruction of community, educational strategy, the management of urban spaces, develop of sport facilities and complexes, and political development. In sum, regarding to such criteria as efficiency, effectiveness, popular acceptance, enforceability and fiscal & budget issues, it seems that “reconstruction of community” could be the best and most important strategy for making policies to improve happiness in Illam province. This strategy has been operational in three recommendations including strengthen social integration, recover and rejuvenate tradition and rehabilitate social gaps

  A sociology of religious emotions in Iranian studies becomes important due to the fact that we are living in a religious society. Up until now, in the domain of sociology of religion, there has not been enough attention to the emotional dimension of religious experience. This research takes a sociological approach toward emotions, and especially, it aims to interpret religious emotions of two groups of university students.
Qualitative method has been used for this research through in-depth interviews with 12 members of Student Basij Organization and Nahad Rahbari in Tehran University. One of the notable concepts that can be applied to understand religious emotions is the term “emotional regime”, introduced by Linda Woodhead and Ole Riis (2010). Emotional regime emphasizes the dialectical relation among “individual”, “society” and “symbol”. From this relation, 12 processes can be produced with six processes representing a balanced model and six processes representing an unbalanced situation. When the model is balanced, it can be considered as a cycle entailing processes such as “consecration”, “subjectification”, “externalization” and “internalization”, “objectification”, “insignation”. In an unbalanced situation, the model contains processes such as“ultra- consecration”, “ultra-subjectification”, and “ultra-externalization”, “ultra-internalization”, ultra-objectification”, “ultra-insignation. This emotional regime model highlights the role of symbols in shaping religious emotions. Therefore, in this study researchers used this concept to interpret religious emotions of university students. We have applied a qualitative method to explore religious emotions. The research field is Tehran and research subjects include the active members of “Student Basij Organization and Nahad Rahbari”. The data was gathered using in-depth interviews. Theoretical sampling was applied to collect new cases. The process of sampling continued until reaching theoretical saturation, which occurred after the seventh case was interviewed but sampling continued up to 12th case. For analyzing the data, directed content analysis was used. The words of all respondents were interpreted and evaluated, and then all elements of the model were distinguished and represented.
Discussion of Results and The result of data analysis shows that the emotional regime of the studied students inclines towards ultra-subjectification. That is, a situation in which religious symbols are considered as something powerful (not a man-made object) with the potential to stimulate and rise religious emotions dramatically. Students experience severe religious emotions in relation to three different religious symbols, namely “animate”, “inanimate” and “semi-animate” symbols. For example, all respondents believed in the healing power of the Karbala soil and other objects and fabrics bounded to the shrine of the Imams. Although this model is very notable for interpreting religious emotions, it has some restrictions. This article tried to address some of these problems. For example, it should be noted that although by highlighting emotions as an integral part of social explanation, this model tries to give emotions their deserved role; it has a rather mechanical approach towards emotions. But having a closer look, it is clear that this model is rooted in Durkheimian and Parsonsian approaches that highlight the role of social structure for shaping emotions. In Woodhead and Riis’s model, the community imposes emotional structures on individuals through processes such as internalization and insignation. So we believe other approaches that start from a micro level are needed to complete this model

  Mothering has always been one of the key roles of women in Iranian society. However in contemporary times, regarding changing attitudes and increasing social opportunities for women such as education and employment, motherhood is not only recognized as a definitive role for women, and they can choose alternative options. The transition to motherhood is a new and unique experience for employed women in the low fertility context. The fertility transition in Iran over the past few decades has been remarkably tangible. The total fertility rate (TFR) of seven children in the 1980s decreased to two children in 2000s. Thus, the purpose of this article was to explore the experiences of transition to motherhood in the context of work-mothering paradox. In this regard, two questions were raised: (1) what has changed the concept and status of mothering for employed women? And (2) what issues and problems are employed women faced to combine work and family life?   The qualitative method was used in this study and the data were collected through deep interviews with 30 employed mothers aged at 20-40 years old in Tehran city, the capital of Iran. The average duration of the interviews was about an hour. Participants were chosen by snowball sampling procedure. In selecting the participants, efforts have been made to maximize the diversity of contributors, such as job categories and occupations. The average age of the percipients was 32 years old. The minimum work experience for respondents was 3 years and maximum 19 years, and participants in the study have an average of 9 years of work experience. 25 of them were fulltime and 5 of them part-time employees. Data analyzed using conventional content analysis method. Here, first, deep interviews were made in the form of text, and the text was converted into semantic summaries based on a meaningful unit (such as paragraph), and then the initial coding was done, followed by the initial coding of classification, the main sub-categories were identified. The findings of the study indicated five sub-categories, namely, unique sense of mothering; mothering as a way of social acceptance and the release of infertility stigma; the meaning and value changes of motherhood during time; the paradoxical picture of the employed woman as the ideal mother; and the paradox of work and mothering. And also, the results revealed that the meaning and concept of motherhood in the Iranian society have been changed and redefined according to the new social conditions and environments. Motherhood among employed women strongly affects their imagination and identity and emerge a new identity for them. The key component of this change is the encounter of employed women with multiple social roles. In this process, employed mothers in Iran face a paradox of work and mothering due to lack of family-friendly policies. In addition, the results showed the changing value of children and heightened emotional and social aspects of having children. In this context, childlessness is not good and easy option for employed women, because childbearing is considered as a social and cultural norms and values. In conclusion, the transition to motherhood among employed women can be as a natural or challenging process. Adding maternal identity to femininity and worker identities, job-related pressures, and cultural pressures associated with being a good mother can face many challenges for women during transition to motherhood. In contrast, suitable social and policy environments with a friendly and supportive approach to family life, work and life conditions and family affective support (especially from the spouse) can play a key role in the natural transition of motherhood for employed women

  we are currently witnessing that, in terms of science production, the gap between the North and the South countries is still remaining despite plenty and diversehigher education institutions and their worldwide development across the world, and the science has not appropriately developed in all countries in parallel with the proliferation of actors in the field of science. In other words, many of the studied countries have completed the popularity and democratization stage in higher education, though only a few were able to achieve sustainable production of science alongside accessing higher education. The author in the present study seeked to findthe conditions needed by a society to achieve academic development in parallel to higher education. In terms of approach, the present study used a fuzzy logic approach to adopt case-oriented comparative approach. Contrary to the quantitative method which is variable-oriented, the present study was case-oriented, in which the causal relationships of the studied cases were based on the set relations rather than on the co-change among variables. This is a cross-sectional study conducted among 108 countries, which includes the data during1995-2010.

Discussion of Results & The results obtained indicate that in many countries the plurality of scientific activists has not yielded scientific development, which can clearly be seen in the countries where despite the above 80% access to higher education, people suffer the scientific efficiencycrisis. This fact suggests that the plurality of scientific activists is solelyacondition necessary for scientific development and in order to realize scientific development, it must be combined with other factors in order to lay the groundwork for the realization of scientific development. The results also indicated that the combination of variables lead to sufficient conditions for the occurrence of the desired event (scientific development). The plurality of scientific actor as a prerequisite for the scientific development is in combination with dynamic and productive economics, economic and cultural globalization, and competitiveness which lead to scientific development. In the meantime, having a dynamic economy was the only condition that appeared in all of causal routes, such that no case was found in the fuzzy truth table, where in the absence of a dynamic economy, the plurality of scientific actors would lead to scientific development. Therefore, the sum of these conditions in the absence of dynamic economics cannot cause configurational causality for the occurrence of the desired event (scientific development). The important thing is the combination of variables and the creation of sufficient causal combinations that lead to the occurrence of the desired event (scientific development). It can be concluded that in the light of strong interaction between the internal and external structure that paves the way for the scientific development along with the development of higher education.
Exemplary cases for this claim are the countries participating in the research sample. Among the 108 countries studied, only 18 countries were among the countries in which the development of access to higher education has led to an increase in scientific production. This is because in these countries, the economy is dynamic and production-based, and while merging in the global system in various dimensions, enjoyed high competitiveness in the international arena. In the rest of the countries, namely, Iran, first, the development of access to higher education is not proportional to the demand section of the economy, i.e. meeting the needs of one sector was not well addressed by the other sector, indicating that, first, the economy was not dynamic and based on production, and second, the volume and intensity of relations were limited in the global system. Consequently, it had a low economic competitiveness potential in the global arena. That is why the development of higher education was not accompanied by increased scientific production. Therefore, it can be concluded that the policies for the development of access to higher education should be designed in line with economic dynamism, symmetrical communication and integration in the global system in the economic, cultural and social dimensions and the promotion of competitive power in the economic arena

  In recent years, the data and objective conditions indicate Iran's entry into a new era of environmental crises, especially in the water. According to United Nations indicators, Iran currently has a severe water crisis, because about 69% of the total annual renewable water used in the country .Also, according to statement political officials, if the water crisis Continuity, about 50 million people will be forced to migrate in Iran in the next 25 years, and the east and south of the country will be actually empty. Meanwhile, the eastern part of Isfahan is one of the areas that, despite the seriousness of the water crisis in it, has been less an issue of independent research. This research gap is that firstly, dehydration has led to unrest in the region at least in two periods, 2012 and 2017 respectively. Secondly, the three cities studied in this research, namely, Ziar, Ezhieh and Varzaneh are very important cities in the east of Isfahan. Thirdly, these three cities are Zayande rood legal and historic lords due to their occupation. Accordingly, the research seeks to understand the meaning of Ziar, Ezhieh and Varzaneh farmers on the water crisis with the Emic approach and using the method of Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin's theoretical approach, namely Grounded Theory. The questions of this research are: What causes or causes of water crisis from the perspective of the farmers of Ziar, Eziyeh and Varzaneh? What are the strategies of these farmers in confronting the water crisis? Finally, what are the consequences of the water crisis for farmers Ziar, Eziyeh and Varzaneh?

In this research, qualitative research method has been used. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 farmers from Ziar, Ezhieh and Varzaneh in eastern Isfahan in order to understand the participants' mental world. Sampling was done using purposeful sampling method and theoretical sampling was used to collect data. The sample size and data computation method are of theoretical saturation type. In our study, after 7 interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved, but to ensure more interviews were continued to 17 cases. In this research, simultaneously with the interviews, data coding began and then analyzed using the grounded theory. The data encryption consists of three steps: open coding, central coding, and selective coding. The method of validating the grounded theory is through "accreditation by members", "analytical comparison" and "audit technique".
In the present study, in the "open coding" stage, 35 initial concepts were extracted, then by central coding we transform them into abstract concepts in the form of 16 main categories. In the "selective coding" stage, according to the categories obtained, a "core category" was extracted which is considered to be the core of the research. This categories include: Unstable Development, Semi-Finished Project, Lack of National Approach, Lack of Law, The Weakness Political Authority, Economic Monopolies, Changing Climatic Conditions, Urban Migration, Political and Social Frustration, Negotiating with the Government, Rebellion, Increase in Poverty, Increasing Unproductive Businesses, Alternative Economic Strategies, Increasing the cleavage of Nation-State and Security Challenges.
In this study, "bad governance of water" as a core category of the contextual data was extracted. According to this category, the farmers of Ziar, Ezhieh and Varzaneh understand and interpret the changes that have been made in their lives, or water crisis as a phenomenon associated with the mismanagement of water. Issues such as unsustainable development, semi-integrated water development projects, lack of nationalism and lack of law, and the weakness of political authority all fall under water mismanagement or bad governance of water. Theoretically one of the finest analyzes in the field of economic governance of natural resources, including water, is the discussion of the political economist Elinor Ostrom. She showed how natural resources can be well managed from the groups they use and not the state. This view points out that local institutions are more effective elements in managing common natural resources. From this theoretical view, the study of Zayande rood water basin also shows that during the centuries, local exploiters of Zayande Rood River have been able to manage the sustainable management of this source based on the Sheikh Bahaei Scroll. However, the basin was gradually subjected to a state-owned regime, and thus, in addition to violate of the historic and legal rights, part of the Zayanderud was owned by the state. In this process, the Sheikh Bahaei Scroll, which was once the basis of the actions of the farmers and the sovereignty, was gradually abandoned and has become the place of conflict between the farmer and the state.
Finally we try to provide paradigm research model. Based on the research findings, the water crisis in eastern Isfahan is classified into three categories: causal, contextual and effective. Casual Conditions include Unstable Development, Contextual Conditions include lack of law, the weakness of political authority and changing climatic of conditions, Effective Conditions include Semi-Finished Project and Lack of National Approach. Also in this research the Process and Interactional are Urban Migration, Alternative Economic Strategies, Negotiating with the Government, Political and Social Frustration and Rebellion. And finally, Consequential include Increase in Poverty, Increasing Unproductive Businesses, Economic Monopolies, Widening the Cleavage of Nation-State and Security Challenges.

In this research, based on the paradigm model, the bad water Governance as the core category and the final answer to the research questions have been extracted. According to this category, the farmers of Ziar, Ezhieh and Varzaneh understand the water crisis as a phenomenon that is directly linked to the mismanagement of water by the government. In fact, the government has been seen as the main culprit for the water crisis by society, which has been the exclusive agent for water governance. This teaches us that collective action in material and economic life requires attention to the various institutional arrangements governing these actions. In the form of these actions, the state must have a fundamental understanding that it is only one of the institutions associated with material life and not only an exclusive entity in this field. But the government in Iran has shown that it has not done so in the Zayande rood Basin, and that is why it is known by the social structure to blame for the water crisis. Therefore, due to such an understanding in social structure, it is necessary for the government to provide a contextual platform for the perceptual gap to be adjusted. If this gap is wider and more active than before, it can further expand the cleavage between the government and the nation in Iran.

  This study aims to explore different aspects of social life of women who are heading their family in Baneh, a bourder city in Kurdistan province in Iran. Women headed household are mostly divorced, widowed and abounded women who head their own family including orphan children. It also includes women how have disable husband. They are one of the most vulnerable groups of women. In a relatively traditional society, living without husband for married women is equal to struggling with different socio-economic problems. Women headed households mostly are considered as those who are poor, low or no income, no private house and finally have poor children. In Iran they are almost under protection of welfare organizations which try to empower them. In Baneh city, due of Iraq & Iran war in 1980s and increasing goods smuggling in 2000s, hundreds of men dead and consequently hundreds of women widowed. On the other hand, during last one and half decade, due to economic transformation, this city encounters different social problems which partly cause to increase divorce, men addiction and death due to car accidents which consequently led to increase the number of women headed household. Because of that in 2016 more than 2000 women in this small city headed household, i.e. 6.9% of entire women population. This research tries to study the quality of life of these women, from their own perspective, in Bane city. The main question was that how women headed households evaluate and interpret their quality of life? This article tried to reconstruct their meaning of this issue.   Material & Methodologically this research adopted qualitative approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with 23 women headed household. They were selected based on chain and snowplow sampling. Theoretical saturation was the main criteria to determine the sample size of study. Based on qualitative content analysis, the authors analyzed the textual transcript data. In many steps we read the transcripts several times precisely, and then coded the transcript interviews. First step was axial coding, (coding or labeling each sentences); second, constructing sub-themes (merging the axial codes into new sub-categories), and finally emerging main themes (merging the sub-categories and emerging main categories or themes) All is done to reconstruct the meaning of quality of life from the women headed household perspective. Finally 86 axial codes and 14 sub-themes emerged. Analysis finally led to constricting four main categories namely: gradual physical destruction, exclusion and marginalization, redefinition if femininity status, and protection to survive.

Discussion of Results & Findings show that women headed household due to poor economic situation gradually face to physical and mental degradation. Lack of privet home, poverty and doing hard jobs for income are the main problems these women uncounted to. All these problems bring some kind of marginalization and exclusion, in place and interaction as well as economic participations. They live in urban margins, work in low income jobs which are mostly handy jobs, and usually have limited interaction with other people and families particularly with men. Women headed household, after divorce/death of husband, should redefine their femininity situation. Their interaction is under control from her family as well as her neighbors. So she has to limit and arrange her interactions with others, especially men. Finally women headed household are mostly under protection from welfare governmental organizations and benevolent people. What is remarkable is that these formal and informal protections or helps do not empower them. They mostly remain in that excluded, marginalized and poor situation. Guiding this protective helps to employment area definitely affect their life quality more than paying mere monthly worthless governmental or popular pensions.

  Bullying is a behavior in which, in a two-way communication, one party exercising verbal and verbal power accompanied by aggression, attempts to scare, subjugate and achieve tangible and intangible benefits on the other, and at the workplace of an employee in During a long period of time, there is a danger of psychological abuse, such as excessive criticism and humiliation, and the loss of the power of self-defense in relation to the wisdom (Nadi and Gerami, 2014). The main source of stress is the worker's bullying in the workplace, which has a profound cognitive, physical, and psychological consequences (Lewis, 2006).Pressure in the atmosphere of the planet leads to harmful and costly individual and organizational problems (Ganster & Rosen, 2013), which reduces mental and physical health, leading to self-induced absenteeism and lack of access to workplaces (Keashly & Neuman, 2010). The desire to quit service is a function of the well-being and perceived ease of leaving the organization. In sum, individual factors, internal organization and organizational factors determine the probability of individual employee abandonment. Knowing what factors make an employee decide to separate from the organization is crucial to the organization's ability to maintain employees. Job self-alienation is a psychological separation that can be found in everyday life and social communication both inside and outside the environment (Sharfi et al., 2013). Occupational alienation can be explained by the contradiction between the nature of the role of occupation and the nature of the human being (Banai & Weisberg, 2003). An organization's staff always believes in the organization based on the value that the organization pays for its security, comfort and security. This belief is called perceived organizational support. Organizational support is one of the things that can be preventive or counterproductive in terms of the negative effects of occupational alienation and organizational bullying. In fact, perceived organizational support reflects the quality of social exchanges that occur between the employee and the employer (Casper et al., 2011; Eisenberger et al., 2001). Employees, because of their social nature, are willing to accept organizational citizenship behaviors (Organ, 2005). Individual and voluntary behavior that is not directly designed by formal remuneration systems in our organization, however, increases the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization (Appelbaum et al., 2004; Cohen et al., 2004).Finally, based on the findings of this study, it will be determined whether the education organization can reduce self-alienation and job cessation by strengthening organizational support for destructive and negative bullying in the workplace?
So, in this research, "Is there a shift in civic engagement from teachers to the shift from working-class perceptions to workplace, job alienation, and organizational support through mediation of compulsory behavior?"

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived bullying in the workplace, job self-alienation and organizational security with the Intention to Leave Work and the mediating role of forced citizenship behavior through correlation among all seconded high school teachers in six secondary schools of Isfahan. The sample of this study was selected randomly by cluster sampling method with 232 people selected. In order to collect data from Quinn's bullying perception questionnaire (1999), Mutaz's career alienation (1981), perceived organizational support by Eisenberger (1986), Vigoda-Gadot's forced citizenship behavior (2007), and the Intention to Leave Work of Bluedorn (1982) ) used. Using the statistical package of social science, Cronbach's alpha was calculated for the main variables and their dimensions. Data analysis was done descriptively and inferential by software package in social science version 23 and structural torque software. The indicators of the overall evaluation of the factor model in the aggregate indicate that fitting the data to the model is established. All indicators of the overall evaluation of the model with regard to the inclusion of the relevant values of this index are desirable and imply that the model has the function of the model. The effect of compulsory behavior on the variables of perceptual perceptions in the context of work is influential. In other words, forced citizenship practices, in contrast to organizational citizenship behaviors that promote the organization's performance and its functions, can hinder the functioning of the organization. Dismissal of employees and loss of customers and bankruptcy, including the negative consequences of such behaviors. Critical perception of the user's intention to leave the service has a meaningful direct relationship. When employees are exposed, their positive emotional levels are reduced and their negative emotions increase. In many cases, bullying offers a lot of adverse consequences for victims, witnesses and employers. In most cases, workplace bullying reduces job satisfaction and loses productivity and increases the amount of job vacancies. In this study, no significant relationship was found between job alienation and forced behavior. The disparity between your individual and your organization will reduce your self-esteem and lack of trust in your organization. Job alienation has an impact on the intention to leave if the sense of identity of employees in the environment cannot work, they may not be meaningful and meaningful, because they feel that they do not value the organization and leave it.There was an inverse relationship between organizational support and the intention to leave. In this sense, with the increase of organizational support, the intention to quit the service is reduced .There was not a meaningful relationship between the organizational responsibility variable and the requirement for forced marriages. In this sense, the common values ​​in the workplace make employees feel valued. Relationships between the structural models of independent variables (perceptions of culture in the workplace, job self-alienation, organizational support) with a dependent variable (the purpose of the service) were high. Estimates of the main parameters of the structural equation model confirms the mediating role of compulsory behavioral change behavior as a kind of partial mediation between the perception of the cognition in the work environment and the intention of the cessation of service.