فصلنامه ایمنی زیستی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1397)

In 2015, the area under cultivation of transgenic plants reached to more than 179/7 million ha. America, Argentina, Canada and China accounted for 99% of the cultivation of GM crops. Meanwhile, cultivation of Bt crops, which are resistant to pesticides, are known to be on the rise. However, the effects of these plants on non-target organisms has raised concerns. After production of a transgenic crop, before the commercial release of the product, the safety of the product is evaluated and analyzed using food safety rules and standards. Based on past studies, the transgenic Bt plants do not have negative impact on the species of beneficial pollinator insects such as bees, larvae of green spider, predator insects such as ladybirds and other beneficial insects that eat aphids and tiny insects. Use of Bt transgenic crops reduces the use of insecticides, and as a result, this protects the health of the environment and agriculture. Development of Bt products can therefore be a useful component of management systems for protection against the pests. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the scientific aspects of evaluation of risk of Bt corps cultivation on non-target organisms.

In recent years, the study and use of plant antioxidant capacity in food security has increased dramatically. These studies aimed at replacing chemical compounds with plant products (plant essential oils, plant extracts, extracted gels from plants and even plant powder) in controlling pests, insects and diseases, as well as to raise the shelf life of agricultural and livestock products, On food safety and consumer health Oxidative one of the causes of food spoilage. This corruption causes an unpleasant smell, loss of flavor, texture, appearance and nutritional value of the material damage occurs. A better understanding of the process of oxidation and antioxidant processes that handle and control it, it is an intelligent way to oxidative spoilage in food should be avoided. The use of antioxidants is essential, especially in foods containing fats and oils. Diseases resulting from the use of chemical compounds, as well as compounds used as food preservatives, impose significant financial and financial losses on societies. Therefore, it is important to introduce the range of plant use in controlling quality and increasing general health.

The bulk of agricultural production is destroyed annually due to environmental stress. The use of plant growth regulators such as brassinosteroids is one of the practical ways to reduce these damages. A range of environmental stresses, such as increasing or decreasing temperature, drought, salinity and ultraviolet radiation, and microbes, are harmful to plants. Salinity in soil or water is one of the main stresses in arid and semi-arid areas, which can severely limit plant growth. Brassinososteroids are a group of plant hormones that have significant biological effects on plant growth, including increasing resistance to environmental stresses. Brassinosteroids, as one of the steroid hormones, play a significant role in controlling the physiological processes of plants, especially response to biological and non-biological stresses. Brassinosteroid is a group of steroid compounds that are naturally synthesized and include a wide range of biological activities. Brassine steroids control several important agricultural features such as flowering time and grain yield and stress tolerance. Significant increase in yield may be due to both plant metabolism and plant protection against environmental stresses.

Recently, insulin-dependent diabetes has been the third largest cause of death in industrialized countries after cardiovascular disease and cancer. Insulin injections or insulin-like proteins, such as IGF-1, are the most important treatment for this condition. Given the increasing trend of this disease, conventional methods will not respond to the growing need for these types of proteins. Therefore, the development of new techniques for producing these proteins at higher and higher quality levels is of great importance. Currently, these proteins are produced more in bacterial and yeast systems, but because of the problems that these systems have and also for greater safety and high capacity production, the use of plant systems is recommended. The benefits of producing recombinant proteins in plants, such as processing and making changes after proper translation, are the lack of endotoxins in the bacteria. The use of transgenic plants as suitable expression systems for the production of large-scale recombinant proteins and commercial levels can greatly reduce its cost of production. The production of pharmaceutical proteins in plants has made significant advances in the laboratory and pharmaceutical industry. Types of valuable proteins, including human serum proteins, growth regulators, antibodies, vaccines, industrial enzymes, are effectively expressed in plants.

Orange is with academic name of Citrus aurantium from Rutaceae family and citrus of Citrus. In order to study the germination, regeneration, and root of orange (Citrus aurantium L.) under in vitro conditions, orange primers containing hypocotyl and epicotyl fragments were seeded for four weeks in the dark and then for seven days in Lighting was provided. These explants were cultured in MS medium supplemented with four levels of kinetin growth regulators (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg / L) and indole acetic acid (IAA) (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg / L). The highest level of germination was observed at 0.5 mg / L Kuintin, and then 2 mg / L IAA in addition to 0.5 mg / L Kinetin, which indicates that IAA hormone is not effective for increasing germination. In rooting section, the effects of strains 15834, 9534 and 318 Agrobacterium rhizogenesis, also the concentration of 2 mg / L of NAA growth regulator on rooting of orange citrus (citrus aurantium) strains were investigated. Among the treatments, NAA and strain 318 combination treatments were the most suitable treatments for traits in this study.

Recently, two new plant species have been introduced in Guilan province as invasive weeds, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) and perennial ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya DC.) that are very important in word due to their environmental effects. Weed Risk Assessment (WRA), rankes weeds according to botanical characteristics, environmental impacts and their extent for their management plans. According to final score, three solutions are provided for each weed: 1- rejection or denial of the presence of invasive weed and preventing the entry or eradication of it, 2- further evaluation of that plant and accepting that the plant is a low risk weed, 3- accepting the presence of that invasive plant in that area. In this study, Weed Risk Assessment of two invasive weeds in Guilan province, aquatic hyacinth and western ragweed was calculated. According to WRA system western ragweed with 175.2 score has high risk weed and urgent management practice are necessary to prevent more spread. Aquatic hyacinth was also high risk with weighing 116.66.

Biopolymers are biological macromolecules that large and small subunits that bind covalently to the same are connected by a long chain of cause and they are built. Because of the biopolymers are produced naturally of the living organisms such as plants, animals and microorganisms therefor are biodegradable, they are very good. biopolymers have been developed in various forms, therefor have capacity to use in various industries. In order to use biopolymers in industry to commercialization the production process and optimize its production. Regard to the main role a well bioreactor, providing a controlled environment in order to achieve optimal conditions for growth or production type of Bioreactor also affects the production of biopolymers. In this study, an overview of the biopolymers and various bioreactor and have been investigated suitable bioreactor for the production of microbial biopolymers.

Nematodes are one the most economically important groups of plant pathogens. The use of resistant or non-host crop plants, application of nematicides and more recently the use of microbial antagonists and biocontrol agents are the principal methods for management of nematodes. Taking advantage of nematode repellents, Proteinase inhibitors, Cry proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis, resistance genes, RNA interference (RNAi) etc. are among the novelest methods of management. The use of host plant resistance against nematodes is limited because of low numbers of identified plant species that bearing resistance genes. Along with other control methods, RNA silencing is a novel tool to control of plant parasitic nematodes. RNAi is a cellular mechanism in which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules drive the post-transcriptional silencing of genes with homologous sequences. RNAi on parasitic nematodes is generally performed by soaking of nematodes in dsRNAs or siRNAs of target genes. Three main target genes of nematodes are house-keeping genes, parasitism or effector genes and the genes necessary for development of nematodes. A combination of the RNAi technology with existing technologies or treatments might provide the most effective and durable basis for future control of these important plant parasitic nematodes.