نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1397)

Consumption is one of the characteristics of the modern world, which is not limited to commodity consumption. Consumerism has affected communication and even emotional relationship between couples. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between consumerism and consumer culture on couples' relationship and the liquid love. This is a descriptive explanatory study. The method of this study is survey and the statistical population included all married women and men in Tehran. 384 of them were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed there is a meaningful relationship between consumption and liquid love at 95% confidence level. Step wise regression analysis also showed that independent variables of predict 10.1 percent of the variance of the liquid love.

In studying of gender and the institute of family in recent changes which is accompanied with tearing apart family shows that women are experiencing exiting of shadows and finding new identity. Studying women resident in Tehran city with the history of at least one marriage and divorce with grounded theory method shows a process that focuses on constructing meaning of marriage and family life that accordance with experience and redefinition of living space and the dimension of new identity. Women considering gendered demands like connection and intimacy and their raise of cultural and social capitals are going to change the one-gender public and private living space. This task due to unknown peculiarities and dimensions at one way and huge ignorance of paying attentions to changes at the other hand and ultimately lack of common language makes the situation ambiguous for men and women and makes family life confusing and discrete.

The Women’s Studies departments have been established since 1970 in the United States. The number of the departments, the subjects and the material they cover has increasingly grown and from its very characteristics is a significant co-relation with the reality of change in women’s status. Women’s Studies was established as the academic wing of the women’s civil movements and it can be understood in terms of changing meanings of the women’s rights and empowerment. Despite its internal discursive dynamism, Women’s Studies is facing a sort of challenge caused by the paradigmatic shift of gender and makes it sound insufficient in the content and even in its name. The present study, then, exploits the process tracing method with focus on the American Studies historians’ records to indicate the reflection of women and gender paradigm shifts and their subsequent effects in Women’s Studies departments, their opportunities and challenges. The process tracing is conducted three historical phases including binary sex paradigm: women against men (1970-early 1980s), paradigm change from woman to women- women to gender (1980s- Mid 1990s), and paradigm of the sexual orientation and gender identity dominance (Mid 1990s- Present). To trace this process within the United States is expected to reveal the gender discourse globally.

The experiences of women from motherhood, influenced by various living conditions and identities which are socially, economically and politically constructed. This paper reviews the viewpoints of different feminist epistemology about the issue of “mothering” in terms of theory and practice in order to understand the meanings, assumptions, and implications associated with it, and to find out the historical and theoretical changes of this issue and its impact on political trends and historical transformations. This study which is based on a historical review of mothering in feminist theory, indicates three paradigms: 1) paradigm of rejection and essentialism including radical and liberal feminism linked to some concepts such patriarchy, oppression and dependence; 2) paradigm of phenomenology including third wave feminism, black feminism, and post-colonial feminism focusing on life experiences and differences; and 3) paradigm based on activism, pressure and social change resulted from the theory of maternal thinking and empowered mothering by protesting the discoursive patterns of mothering, introduce it as restoring authority and legitimacy in mothers and paying attention to the creative and subversive ways of knowing them, which can lead to social changes, a widespread development of peace and a more humane world.

Violence against women is a major obstacle to the development of all societies. Violence against women can be seen in all forms of physical, economic, legal, social and cultural life both in the public and in the private sphere.Considering the importance of the subject, this study has been conducted among 20 - 60 year old married women in Tabriz city. The research sample was selected using snowball method. Qualitative data was collected from 24 married women in Tabriz using semi-structured interviews about the main aspects of the research. Data analysis was carried out using the grounded theory and using an open, axial and selective coding approach. The findings show that men's physical violence against women reflects a number of tensions and stress. The concept of “stress” in this research indicates the men’s reaction to external and internal pressures in the public and private spheres. In other words, stress is a negative reaction of men to the situation and present situation in the sociey from which the violence against women is one of its consequences.

The aim of this study was to investigate factors influencing women’s participation in social, economic, and political activities in rural areas of Likak city. Target population of this study consisted of active rural women of 15 to 64 years old in Likak city which based on krejcie and morgan table, 300 women were determined as sample and using a random sampling method were selected. questionnaire was the data collection instrument which its face validity was confirmed by a group of experts and its reliability was obtained also by conducting a pilot study and calculating Cronbach alpha coefficients (0.73-0.94). Results of the study reflects the high mean of women’s participation in social, economic and political activities in rural society. Moreover results revealed, there is negative correlation between economic participation, political participation and social participation and a number of key variables such as gender stereotype, farmer identity and housewife identity. The results of structural equation modeling analysis showed that self-efficacy and housewife identity have positive effect on participation intention. In addition, gender stereotype has negative effect on social, economic and political participation. The model explained 85% of the variance in economical participation, 77% of that in social participation, 69% in political participation. Based on the results, it is recommended to give value to the activities of housewives in society and media and to create material and moral rights for these activities. Also, holding a meeting of housewives with active and Successful women can increase women's self-efficacy.

In the twentieth century, with a new wave of political developments in many countries, the researchers sought to understand the preconditions necessary for the emergence and continuation of democracy. Meanwhile, "Modernization Theory" was given the highest empirical support for the realization of democracy. But the ineffectiveness of this theory in practice led to more attention to the role of other factors. One of these factors, which has so far not been given much attention, is the role of empowerment of women. In the present study, the "gender-development of democracy" model has been used to study and analyze how women's empowerment has an impact on the development of democracy. The econometric method used is a dynamic panel in the form of Generalized Method Of Moment for 1990 to 2015 in selected countries. Findings of the research indicate that the indicators for assessing the empowerment of women in this research have a significant effect on the development of democracy during the period in question. The two variables "education" and "female labor force participation rate" have a positive and significant effect on the development of democracy with coefficients of +0.61 and +0.07, and the variable "fertility rate" with a coefficient of -0.22 has a negative and significant effect on the development of democracy.