نشریه مطالعات ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 48 (زمستان 1397)

Satire in literature means a piece of poem or prose which stands against eulogy and meets personal purposes. It bears a caustic, explicit and sometimes insulting tone, but if it is to express the socio-political pains, it employs a softer language. Satire is constructed based on caustic and painful criticism, and sometimes, it is led to sarcasm and painful insult. Any form of emphasis on ugly aspects of a phenomenon, whether voluntary or involuntary, is a satire. Satire is a piece of prose or poetry which tends to ridicule or insult somebody. Due to the literary definition of satire and the difference the critics considered between satire and abusiveness, dissolute and indecent writings – which disgrace people - can be excluded from satiric ones. In this study, the authors have tried to analyze satire in Arabic and Persian language and its impact on Arabic, especially on Bashār ibn Burd

Conceptualmetaphoris the most important achievement of modern linguistics in which abstract ideas are objectively and experimentally conceptualized. Conceptual metaphor was initially introduced by Lackoff and Johnson in a book titled “Metaphors We live by”. Based on this theory, conceptual metaphor is a mental and imaginary issue revealed metaphorically in a language. Most studies concerning conceptual metaphors are limited to speech and writing; however, emotional metaphors can help conceptual metaphor patterns develop. The present study aims to analyze the conceptual metaphor of wrath in Afghani’s “lady Ahu’s Husband” and Ishiguro’s “Never Leave Me Alone” (winner of Literature Noble prize in 2017). Date were collected from phrases and expressions related to wrath in these two novels. The researchers are to analyze those parts in which wrath is presented as a conceptual metaphor to explain the most frequent metaphors and their origin.

Getting acquainted with pub culture seems essential to understand literary texts and their complications. Therefore, it is vital to state the process of how the poets are affected by their past pub culture and how they affect the pub culture of the generations to come. It paves the way for better and more correct understanding of literary texts. The present study, whose aim is to extract and classify social occupations and pub culture in Sa’di and Mutanabbi’s works comparatively reviews pub culture proverbs concerning occupations and social classes in Sa’di and Mutanabbi’s works. This research employed library based method to collect data, analyzed the content, and then presented them descriptively and analytically. The findings show that pub culture is revealed in many occupations and social classes of which some are rooted in religion, some in myths and legends, and some in superstitions. Both poets used many proverbs for various occupations and social classes, and it is anthropologically and socio- psychologically significant.

Rumi’s Mathnavi Ma'navi includes the deepest issues concerning theology, ontology, anthropology, etc. This book which is the result of all mystical experiences in Islamic tradition is a kind of spiritual travelogue and a personal experience which presents a series of mystical teachings and concepts. Love and annihilation are among those concepts which are dealt with in Mathnavi. The present study through library based method aims to describe love and annihilation in Rumi’s Mathnavi, then explain and analyze them and love’s contribution to a mystical wayfarer to attain annihilation from Rumi’s viewpoint in Mathnavi.

In narratology, the narrator plays a vital role in making audience trust and believe the story. The present paper, focusing on Shlomith Rimmon- Kenan, discusses Paola Hawkins’s "The girl on the Train" (1927) from the viewpoint of invalidity of its narrator. Based on this theory, the major and fundamental reasons for the invalidity of the narrator rest on the narrator’s limited knowledge, personal intervention in the story, and his/her contradictory valuable criteria through narration. Due to his/her memory weakness, personal conflicts with the characters, complicated and contradictory value judgment regarding the story, he/she presents a biased narration about the story incidents. The findings show that the narration of the story is against the incidents occurring in the story world in such a way that it is impossible not to doubt about the accuracy of the statements.

Anesthesia is a rhetorical and artistic technique which develops and enriches the poetic images through transferring senses by switching from one sense to another and leads to creating innovative and affective images. Anesthesia is a technique of literary devices and is considered both as a subdivision of figure of speech and rhetoric. Mixing senses in creating unique literary images and transferring the poetic atmosphere play a significant role in reciting a poem. Due to increasing the literary pleasure through absorbing the audience, accurate transferring of internal feelings and involving the audience with the poet’s spiritual experience, this literary device is of high importance in Persian and Arabic literature, especially among contemporary poets. Because of the high frequency of anesthesia usage in Arabic and Persian poetry, the present study tries to analyze descriptively and analytically this literary device in just Ahmad Bakhit, an Egyptian poet, and Nader Naderpour’s poetry. It is observable that both poets employed anesthesia to expand the audience’s imagination, increase literary pleasure, to innovate poetic images, and successfully transfer the inner feelings and the poetic spirit. Based on the analysis of the samples, it can be said that anesthesia has intensified the pure image- making, meaning transfer, affecting the audience, and poetic beautification.

The extreme form of cultural peace and affection among two nations can be found in Goethe’s love towards Hafez. In his spiritual maturity, Goethe was so infatuated by Hafez’s well established thought that he could choose an interactive approach and frequently talked about this infatuation. Literary relationships between Iran and Germany are not confined to Hafez and Goethe, but the magnificence of the logical dialogue between them stands outside time and place. Goethe introduced the idea of the world literature for the first time; Bakhtin offered dialogism, the relationship of a speech to another one to omit monologism; and Julia Kristeva developed this concept to the relation between texts and literary discourses. This study aims to review Hafez and Goethe’s dialogue as a symbol of east and west and analyze the world literature theory from one hand and study the effect of this dialogue in constituting positive global discourses on the other. In so doing, the role of logical dialogue among texts and discourses is highlighted to create a universal peace and understanding, to glorify the similarities and respect the differences leniently. This study deals with this idea analytically, comparatively and critically.

Satire is one of the literary devices and a part of poetry in Arabic and Persian poets. Due to the ethical limitations in societies, however, few chose it as their means. As a result, many literary and social aspects of this genre are left unknown and ambiguous while research in this regard can unveil hidden aspects of the societies. The present study aims comparatively to analyze the satirical similarities and differences in Anwari and Motenabi’s poetry stylistically. Data are analyzed based on content analysis method. It is expected to attain a better understanding about satire and its stylistics and to pave the way for common grounds of satire in comparative literature.

The ongoing debates on the colonial essence of some sciences, including English literature, are not confined to Iran. This issue has been a global concern, and many intellectuals have discussed it all over the world. While some of such discussions are propagandic and none-scientific, some others are systematic, reasonable, and illuminating and can be taken as theoretical background. These theories can be helpful in the substantiation or rejection of the possible misuses of science, literature, and English literature respectively, an amalgamation of which can lead to the formation of a solid theoretical background. In addition, these theories are able to explore the solutions of avoiding the shadow of ideology and colonization. First of all, by applying the existing theories, the present research aims at proving the ideological mission of English literature; then, by citing another set of theories, it tries to acknowledge the present-day anticolonial condition of this major and its departments in leading universities. In addition to the postcolonial approaches, this research proposes metanarrative insight as another required tactic that can act as a progressive step in the current changes of English literature. In the end, the present research avers that nowadays English literature, in its evolved form, is not only a neo-colonial apparatus but also is an anticolonial entity.

Discourse analysis is one of the approaches of discourse analysis and a novel method for studying social issues which is connected to literature through studying literary content analysis and literary criticism. Discourse analysts believe that literary texts, stories and novels like other texts tend to communicate. Therefore, texts can be analyzed analytically. The present study aims to represent female characters in “My Favorite Melancholy” through offered solutions concerning analytical discourse analysis based on Van Loon (2008) pattern, which is semantic- sociological one. In this research, qualitative method is employed, and quantitative approach is also used to scrutinize data. The aim of the study is to analyze and explain how story tellers view and represent contemporary women as social actors in the society. The novelist is to show that today girls will turn into emotionally and socially powerful women in next generation to be able to pass the emotional crises alongside with men.

As a literary-mystical figure, Hafiz Shirazi has been the focus of attention among many poets and literary figures in the Arab world. The employment of such mystical terms as celestial love, cloak, wine, etc. by the Arab poets in their poetry shows the influence of Hafiz’s thought on the Arab literature. Ibrahim Amin Al-Shawarebi, as an Arabic translator, paved the ground for the familiarization of the Arabs with the Hafiz’s Divan. The Translation of Hafiz’s lyrical poems into Arabic language by Ibrahim Amin Shawarebi is an example of a felicitous and beautiful one in the poetic translation. In this respect, Al-Shawarebi based his work on the translation of Hafiz’s sonnets into prose. In this study, the researcher aims to analyze and criticize his (Ibrahim Amin Shawarebi) translations in the light of linguistic criticism, perception, and understanding through the descriptive and analytical methods. The results showed that there are some misunderstandings in Al-Shawarebi’s translations, although he did his best to provide a careful and meticulous work. Many of these problems originate from the translator’s negligence of the extra linguistic factors, his little attention to the cultural elements of the source language, basing his translation of Persian vocabularies on the linguistic structure of Arabic language, and his ignorance of hidden puns behind the Hafiz’s word.

Myth, which is one of the major building blocks of literature throughout the world, portrays through symbolic language exquisite stories of social and cultural values of the nations, and is considered as significant sources of social and cultural research. By comparative analysis of tales, the thought and the bases of them are recognized from one hand and it is feasible to find the common grounds of nations throughout the world on the other. Magical tales and fairy tales are among the most important and marvelous myths which present extraordinary and metaphysical incidents in unreal and imaginary worlds. Since duality is a vital basis of magical myths and is among major motives in fairy tales, the aim of this study is to comparatively analyze this factor and also the role of the protagonist in confrontation with vice and virtue in Germanic and Iranian myths to highlight the similarities and differences of the two cultures.

Pain and suffering are one of the undeniable issues in every man’s life, and their sources, advantages and disadvantages are always under the question. In this study, taking advantage of both Rumis’s and John Hick’s special viewpoint and ideology, pain and both thinkers’ attitudes towards it, solutions, decreasing its practical impact, and giving meaning to life are discussed. At the end, it is proved that although Rumi and Hick are temporally and locally detached and have insignificant difference of viewpoints concerning issues such as human fall, they have a perfect attitude about pain and have fundamentally theoretical similarities in such a way that it can be said their thoughts are consistent.

Breaches are among the most important poetic texts in the Umayyad period in Shamat. In a book titled, "Breaches of Jirir and Al-Akhtal", Abu Muhammad has been collecting the narrations of these two poets, and Al-Ab Antoan Salehani Aliasuee has described it in recent decades. Jarir’s and Akhtal’s Naqaez have taken advantage of some main themes. Some of these themes are more highlighted and some of them are less paid attention to, but in all of them Breaches have been applied.This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the content of common elements and themes in the poetry of Jarir and Akhtal, and by analytical-descriptive method, by investigating over 840 couplets in the form of 200 odes, it has been found that tribal prejudices, descent and lineage, Ayyam Al Aarab(Arab Days) ,politics, woman and religion are among the most important and fundamental ideas in Breaches of Jarir and Akhtal that are considered by both poets.

Great Khorasan and Persian literature have an irrefrangible linkage. Wherever we talk about literature, poets, authors and great literary works, it is undoubtedly associated with one of the cities of Khorasan. This wide area is considered as a proper place for the growth, development and evolution of different literary works and literary genres due to its natural properties and special situation. Epic is one of the literary genres embedded in Khorasan, and Tous is considered as the cradle of this ancient literary type. Shiraz is also a city whose name is associated with sonnet and Persian sonnet due to great poets such as Sa’di and Hafiz reached its summit in this city. Khorasan and Shiraz are considered as the best places for formation and elevation of sonnet and epic in Iran. Based on Holy Qoran and Nahjol Belagheh and viewpoints of thinkers such as Ace Sina, Ibn – e Khaldoun, Montesquieu, the present study aims to explore the impact of natural environment of Khorasan and Shiraz on the evolution of sonnet and epic.

Nima Yushij (1276-1338) is one of the most famous and influential contemporary poets. In addition to the poem and literary works, Nima Yushij has also a collection of letters containing Nima's comments on various topics. One of the important issues found in the Nima’s letter series is the educational issues. Nima, who has taught for several years, is closely acquainted with the issues and problems of this field and has criticized many of the country's educational systems, including poor school conditions, weaknesses in textbook writing, teachers' lack of motivation, etc. Nima appeared to have been influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1778-1778), a French author and philosopher, and especially his "Emile", in expressing some of his educational ideas. Nima, like Rousseau, prefers the nature and the countryside to the city life and believes that children should be raised as much as possible in nature and away from the city, and the most important childhood education is physical education and stimulation of curiosity. The aim of this study is to analyze Nima’s ideas in his letters concerning education and how he was affected by Jean Jacques Rousseau, especially his Emile.

Traditional research is not only inexpressive, scattered and lacking theoretical bases but also deals abstractly with literature. In this approach, methodology is prescriptive and offers some do’s and don’ts about literature. On coming new literary methodologies, researchers discussed different aspects of literature and employed a pragmatist approach. The advantage of such theories is to use and appropriate them with certain texts to crystallize the theories. In this research, eight types of deviation (lexical, syntactic, vocal, writing, semantic, dialectical, stylistic, and temporal) are studied based on Leech’s deviationism (1969) in Ibn Hesam’s poetry. The results show that semantic deviation is more frequent than other forms of deviation. Syntactic, temporal, lexical, vocal, stylistic and dialectical deviations are more frequent, respectively. Writing deviation which is mostly associated with modern poetry had no frequency in his poetry.

Ghotaybeh's Oyoon Al akhbar is known as the most important literary book after Jaahaz's "Albayan and Altabiin". Each chapter of the book is called "Ketab". Some of the chapters include the manner of the statecraft, the custom of war, the pieces of advice of kings, Islamic governors’ and philosophers’ sayings, the words of wisdom by great sages, worthy and unworthy characteristics and proverbs. The author of Alaaghd Alfarid has copied all section of Oyoon Alakhbar and other books into the sections of his book. Also, he has written most of the narratives of Oyoon Alakhbar, without the name of Ibn Ghotaybeh and omitted his all related documents. In the present study, the two mentioned books are compared and similarities and differences are analyzed. The methodology is descriptive-analytical and employed library and digital resources.