فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 31، بهار 1398)

Regarding the severe vulnerability of historical textures to earthquake, studying the aspects of the crisis, the particular feature of such contexts and a considering previous related experiences, it is significantly important to temporarily house people during the process of providing a shelter after the incident. It should be noted that finding the most logical yet practical solution would prevent any further catastrophe following the very first crisis. Experience proves that residents of aforementioned with a much more depth in social relationships are far more inclined to stay in the area. Therefore, preparing the suitable circumstances would lead to a shorter time in reaching the normal stage. Hence, the question is what would make temporary shelters necessary and what could be the best solution? The following research ,which is based on a qualitative approach, descriptions and analysis, studies the past of the noted issue and then the way people interact with historical places in various types, all relied on library studies. Subsequently, the data is analyzed, evaluated and resulted in conclusions according to the model of SWOT. By referring to the results of evaluating the suggested model from both inside and out, Due to a sense of belonging and on-going social sustainability, there appears that occupants of historic places tend more than others to inhabit a location close to their residence after earthquake so that they can participate actively in the process of rebuilding while they are able to take care of their possessions (social, cultural and financial ones). Not only does it culminate in taking into account the needs of people, but it also provides them the desire to stay and strive to bring back life and satisfaction.

The flood, undoubtedly, is one of the natural disasters. In fact, flood is rising the water level of river therefore water overflow and occupying the some parts of plains of the riverside that may swamp the region which cause damages to structures and public facilities as well as human and animals fatality. In some cases, the flood could be due to rise the sea and lake level in which the severe winds would have a great impact. Considering the importance of the subject, floods of Karoon basin were considered; 12 hydrometric stations were used for analyzing the floods in the basin during the period of 1986-2015.to study time series data, run test and normality homogeneity have done; then, positive values ​​between the two consecutive zero points were assigned as a calculate base to determine the flood continuity time. According to identified huge flood basin with the highest runoff volume of basin, high atmospheric data from the National Center for Environmental/Science Forecast (NCEP/NCAR) in 2.5/2.5 resolution networks Degrees were extracted. The study indicates that 4 patterns were involved in the flood happening of the region. The analysis shows that the highest frequency of flood happening in the region is in April. The Caspian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea as a pair and the Red Sea in the transfer of moisture to the region was identified as the humidity sources in the region.

The management and habitation planning have been increasingly considered to reduce the consequences of natural disasters due to the societies’ growth and development. Tehran and Alborz provinces have hazard potential and critical conditions because of their specific natural and regional situation, high population density, congested texture and vital routs. Studies show that morphological phenomenon of subsidence in these two provinces is happening rapidly. This study was done in a descriptive-analytic method. The data were collected through the study of documents, books and articles and three main maps of land subsidence hazard, vulnerability and risk will analyze following the inference of main factors and using AHP to subsidence indicators in GIS software. The results of this survey indicate that lack of proper control and management of underground water resources will cause the risk of the land subsidence as a hazard in these provinces; as well as the lack of continuous monitoring of underground water resources in these regions and the undesirable urban development in the bounds of subsidence may cause irreparable damages to human, economics, infrastructures and the environmental resources in these provinces. This paper concludes that policymaking and planning in these provinces should be based on hazard maps and appropriate to the hazards and damages due to land subsidence in areas susceptible to land subsidence. Vast areas in Tehran province such as the west and southwest regions, as well as Varamin plain, Shahriar, Karadj, Nazarabaad and Savojbolagh in the Alborz province are among the susceptible to land subsidence; this indicates that founding and development of biological and demographic centers and, in general, any civil activities in these areas demanding special sensitivity and require the evaluation, monitoring, control and continuous protecting the influential factors in the likelihood occurrence and intensification of the land subsidence phenomenon in the region.

Multipurpose crisis management bases as a suitable place in critical situations is one of the best solutions to reduce the amount of damages. Mosque, besides being a place of worship, historically played a very important role in creation, cultivation and strengthening the social sources, as well as a popular base and a bulwark to fight against enemy; it may also consider as a multipurpose crisis management base. This study tries to consider centrality role of mosque in Islamic society unity and necessities of Islamic-Iranian architecture along with defensive considerations according to the wide range of general indicators and necessity of considering the passive defense indicators in order to perfect design of this strategic place. In this study some indicators prepared and evaluate in order to design a mosque as a multipurpose base using descriptive analytic method. A questionnaire was filled by experts and then the indicators were evaluated. Multipurpose crisis management bases as a suitable place in critical situations is one of the best solutions to reduce the amount of damages. Since mosques are among the civilian and non-strategic places, they can use as a safe base as well as a crisis management headquarter in a time of crisis or enemy attacks considering the defensive considerations in design. The centrality role of mosque as regards a religious and spiritual structure should consider in design. The necessities of Islamic-Iranian architecture along with defensive considerations and essential basis of passive defense such as camouflage and hiding should be applied in a delicate architectural approach in which there is no loss to the urban engineering and Islamic-Iranian architecture necessities. Based on the results, three criteria of considering the essential conditions, connection to the ground and ergonomic design, respectively, are the most important factors and three criteria of the connection between the interior spaces of the mosque, the form and accesses, respectively, are identified as the least significant factors.

Land use planning is one of the most important subjects in urban management. Land use planning based on risks can significantly reduce the risk of cities against natural disasters and facilitate sustainable development in cities. Considering the existing situation of cities and their location in high risk areas and unbalanced development face them to natural disasters and increased their vulnerability. It seems that management and risk reduction subjects have not been considered before the deployment of cities and urban elements and the selecting the suitable places for their deployment. In order to ensure safe and resilient urban development, as well as to regulate and limit the risks of cities and critical uses and reduce their physical, social, economic and environmental vulnerability to natural disasters, it is necessary to integrate the risk management into urban planning, specially land use planning which is essential to urban planning. This paper is a descriptive survey and the results are applied. Innitialy, the land use planning process was considered in this survey, and then some cases abroad and inside the country were studied. The model of risk management integration in the land use planning of the Asia Crisis Preparedness Center has been described comprehensively as a proven example, and finally, a conceptual model for risk management integration into land use planning was defined and determined. In this study, the process of land use planning was initially reviewed and some cases in regard of importance and close connections of risk management in land use planning in order to creating secure platforms for the deployment of new uses as well as the transfer and change of existing user in high risk areas has been considered. Finally, the risk managemnet integration into land use planning model in Asian crisis preparedness center and its details has been considered. A conceptual and native model for the risk management integration into land use planning process based on considered cases and land use planning process as well as integration of risk managemnt in land use planning of the Asian crisis preparedness center was determined.In this conceptual model, in order to ease of doing, important risk factors in every phase of land use planning process have been introduced, and the achievements of this engagement are shown in each phase. This model can facilitate the process of integrating risk management in land use planning, which the result of this integration is a land use planning based on risk. The consequence is land use deployment in safe and low risk places and finally urban planning based on risk and sustainable urban planning.

Natural disasters, as natural phenomena, have always existed and will exist on the planet earth. The natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, storms and tornadoes often has a divesting impact on human settlements and caused heavy casualties for inhabitants; destroyed the structures and infrastructure of these areas and imposed enormous economic and social losses on societies and countries around the world. An overview of the history of studies shows that increasing the resilience of residents against natural disasters is affected by social, economic, environmental and managerial factors. In this applied research, descriptive-analytic method was used to study the indicators and factors affecting economic and social resilience and evaluate its rate in 4th district of Tabriz. The main objective of this paper is to study the social and economic aspects that affect the improvement of residents' resilience as well as the understanding the contribution of each factor to the resilience of residents in the 4th district of Tabriz city. Initially, economic and social criteria defined according to the research objective, and then sub-criteria such as population density, literacy status, unemployment statue, and economic value of the land and housing were selected for each criterion in order to better identification; analytical hierarchical analysis (AHP) was used to combine the sub-criteria of each group, so the final status of social and economic resilience of 4th district obtained in GIS system. The results indicate that 39.4 hectares from the studied area have an inappropriate resilience condition in contrast to 1167 hectares of the studied area, in terms of resilience, is in perfect condition. The relatively inappropriate, moderate, and relatively good resilience of the socio-economic state include 174, 259.7 and 434 hectares of the study area, respectively.

Since managers have authority in desicion making, in comparison with other staff, so their individuality may influence decisions and methods. In other words, managers have individual principal which affects their viewpoint in various issues of organization, employees and their activities. The method and principle of management of each manager is influenced by his individuality and culture. Individual differences based on personality can be a source of growth and creativity development, or the base of conflict, failure, and inevitable organizational problems. One of these inevitable problems in organizations is the individual differences in the organization, preserving the individual characteristics of managers along with co-operation and concordance with others. Nevertheless, managers’ individuality is one of the rare aspects which are less academically addressed, although individuality has a significant influence on the viewpoint, activity and management method of managers. This study, according to the subject and data, has a descriptive-survey method and a stratified random sampling is used. The statistical population of the study was managers and crisis management experts of Khuzestan province; the sample size was 278, of which 224 men and 54 women were selected.
A questionnaire was used to collect data; the five major questionnaires (NEO) to assess individuality, the questionnaire (LBAII Hersey and Blanchard) to assess management methods and a researcher-made questionnaire to assess the crisis management process. The results of this study indicate that individual characteristics influence the management methods; as well as managers' management methods and their individual characteristics influence the crisis management. This study explains the influence of managers' individuality on their management methods in the crisis management process through presenting an applied model (managers and experts of the crisis management headquarters of Khuzestan province). Then, based on the findings through the triangular model, the influence of each factor is defined.