نشریه سیاست نامه علم و فناوری
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 22، بهار 1397)

Cognition is a mental activity for sensemaking based on acquiring and processing the environmental information. These mental structures and cognitive dimensions of the management are vital factors for the formulation and implementation of organizational strategic change. In this paper, a literature review of strategic cognition and its role in managerial dynamic capabilities and strategic planning has been conducted. In addition, respect to the importance of the cognitive aspects of management, Cognitive Mapping technique has been reviewed for elicitation and exploitation of change leader's mind structure.

Interdisciplinary studies are one of the emerging areas in the field of scientific activities in the world. The present article aims to exploit the advantages of such studies, to identify the explanatory capacity and policy implications of cultural ideas in the field of genetic science. In this regard, the study of the theory of Meme and its exquisite capabilities in explaining the scientific life will be examined. In order to realize this goal, First the conceptual analysis the theory of Meme introduced to understand this concept.Then,this theory will be compare with two other theories in the field of sociology of science -the theory of discourse communities Robert Wuthnow and interaction chains theory of andall Collins,to take the possibilities of the theory of Meme in combination with the content of these two theories will be derived .Finally, there are suggestions for policy makers in the field of science and culture.

There have been so many ups and downs in the oil and gas industry that caused different challenges for the players. “Nationalization of resources” helped national oil companies to gain the position they have in today’s oil industry. This wave happened to reduce the power of international oil companies and their dominance on the oil reserves. Since then, national oil companies have tried to gain essential capabilities in order to survive in the competition. They started as a passive player, but continued on their way to becoming an active and effective player in today’s industry. The main reasons behind this catch-up process is: collaborative projects with competitors and alliances, increasing management skills, and gaining access to technology and building technological competences which seems to be the most important one. This article is about to discuss and present a literature review on how this catching up process occurred and highlight the reasons and important elements of this process.

A benevolent act is associated with voluntary helps to the needy people, dedicating time to voluntary charity works like looking after the elderly in elderly houses, or giving money for improving peoples’ lives in different fields and mostly concentrating on vulnerable groups. These are the most recognized procedures of benevolent acts. Adopting a novel point of view, can we say that a benevolent act may be aimed at technology and science development? Through concentrating on the concept of waqf, the present paper surveys feasibility, necessity, and advantages of promoting the charity culture of helping the institutes of science and technology. By surveying the historical trend of the fields of waqf in Iran and reviewing successful models in the world, the study concludes that directing charity activities toward scientific and technology development and development of startups and knowledge-based companies in particular, results in several times more value added for the society as a whole. This is a kind of charity for which cultural works in the society and among charity payers is the most important driver.

The emergence of technology has transformed the human life into profound changes. as well as welfare for human beings, this phenomenon has also been caused by crises and crises. the new technique has become a totally different aspect of the past, and it would make us ask questions about its relation with human and society; and whether it still believes that technology is a posteriori phenomena, and that it is our worldview that determines its course ? for this purpose, this article seeks to explain the relationship between man and technology with an emphasis on ethics. In the same vein, it was initially attempted to examine the nature and nature of technology and its relationship with human beings from the perspective of the expert thinkers in this field. In the following topics, the relationship between man and technology has been examined in two views of the philosophy of classical technology and the philosophy of contemporary technology. Finally, by addressing ethical issues in technology, the relationship between man and technology is analyzed from this perspective.

In the upstream oil industry, innovative companies are reluctant to protect their technological achievements through patents in order to seizure their economic rents. This unwillingness of the upstream oil industry’s players to protect their technological innovations by patent that can relate to the characteristics and effectiveness extent of patents for protecting technology, due to differences in the upstream oil industry with other industries. Of course, this unwillingness is different among the various players in the upstream oil industry. Based on this, the paper examines the role of patents in protecting intellectual property in the upstream oil industry and its effectiveness. Next, the reasons for the unwillingness of players in the upstream oil industry to protect their technology through patents are described. Finally, the necessity of revising this routine to protect the intellectual property of the upstream oil industry in order to accelerate the evolution of this industry will be discussed. In sum, the high cost of developing, demonstrating and commercializing technology, along with the high benefits of technology utilization, and the high immitability inherent in this industry, have led the patent system to be seen as an inefficient protective tool.

During the last two to three decades policy-makers have increasingly became concerned about the role of innovation for economic performance and, more recently, for the solution of challenges that arise (such as the climate challenge). The view that policy may have a role in supporting innovation has become widespread, and the term innovation policy has become commonly used. This paper takes stock of this rapidly growing area of public policy, with particular focus on the definition of innovation policy (what it is); theoretical rationales (why innovation policy is needed); and how innovation policy is designed, implemented, and governed.