فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال بیست و دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 101، پاییز 1397)

Introduction Thunderstorms are one of the most important atmospheric hazards that cause human casualties every year, destroying large amounts of agricultural products , construction and infrastructure. Due to the combination of Thunderstorms with rainstorms and its effective role in causing sudden floods, this phenomenon has always been the main focuse of researchers in agriculture and financial issues. Considering this matter, we have studied climatic conditions of Khuzestan province in order to investigate this phenomenon and its causes. It is necessary to determine days of the thunderstorm and its sequence in different months, seasons and years, so experts can identify the atmospheric patterns causing this occurrence. Also they can provide necessary strategies and preconditions to inform farmers, gardeners and officials. Therefore, the purpose of this researh is studing the Thunderstorms in Khuzestan Province using synoptic, mann - kendall and Sen indexes during the period of 2003-2013.   Methodology In order to investigate the climatic phenomenon of Thunderstorm in Khuzestan province, information and statistics of 12 synoptic stations during the 10 year statistical period (2003-2013) are investigated. The statistics and data are collected and tested in order to extract a similar statistical period. The data are analyzed in Excel and thunderstorms dispersion map is developed in Khuzestan. The data of thunderstorms in Khuzestan province are investigated and spatial-temporal analysis of this climatic phenomenon is studied in the study area. during the statistical period changes in Thunderstorms days are studied based on non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen index. also geographical dispersion maps of trend type (incremental, constant and decreasing) associated with Thunderstorm are prepared in seasonal and annual scales, then synoptic maps are prepared and evaluated.   Results and Discussion In the spring data series, there is an increasing and decreasing trend in study stations. By analyzing summer data, it is found that there is significant decreasing trend in the most stations except Dezful, Izeh and Masjed Sulayman stations using the Man-Kendall test. The analysis of autumn and winter data also shows an increasing trend in all stations. In this series of data, the Mann-Kendall test and age index test at 95 and 99 confidence levels are significant. In the spring, the highest significant trend is observed in Dezful, Izeh, Ahvaz, Bostan and Omidieh stations. In the summer, the southern, central and western parts of the region have a significant decreasing trend. In the autumn, there is a significant increase in the whole region. In the winter, the southern and southeastern parts of the region have a steady trend. The spatial distribution of the annual trend of Thunderstorm days in Khuzestan province indicates a significant increase in most of stations. At Abadan, Bandar Mahshahr and Hendijan stations there is a significant decrease, and there is a constant trend in Behbahan and Ramhormoz stations. According to storm occurrence maps and analyzing of the maps, it can be seen that the occurrence of thunderstorms in Khuzestan province is generally frontier and is due to hot air flood from the Persian Gulf. in spite of the conditions for the tornado incident there has not been a twist in the region, due to the salinity of the Persian Gulf and a its small extent to provide enough moisture for the occurrence of this phenomenon.Conclusion In the spring data series, there is an increasing and decreasing trend in study stations. By analyzing of summer data, it was determined that using Mann-Kendall test, a significant decrease is observed in most stations except Dezful, Izeh and Masjed Soleiman stations. This trend is not observed with the age index test. The analysis of autumn and winter data also shows an increasing trend in all stations. According to the results of Mann-Kendall test on an annual scale, all of the stations have a significant incremental trend. At Abadan, Bandar Mahshahr and Hendijan stations there is a significant decrease, and there is a constant trend in Behbahan and Ramhormoz stations. Investigation of atmospheric patterns is shown that the cause of Thunderstorm phenomenon in the region is the result of strengthening and expansion of low pressure systems in the East of the Red Sea and Saudi Arabia. Therefore, cold airflow from the middle levels with high temperature changes in the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere causes instability and extreme climbing of the air, formation of cumulonimbus clouds, heavy falls of rainfall, lightning, hail and ... in selected periods in Khuzestan province.

The twentieth century obsession with communication, as Habermass described it, has been affected planning theory and practice. Communicative action as a new approach in planning theories in pursuit of critique of positivism dominance and quantitative approaches in planning in the last of 1970s and through this view that procedural planning theory should be oriented to social welfare goals, considered as a progress in procedural planning theory. Nonetheless, procedural planning theory also for sake of ignoring power relations and its mechanism in society from planning researchers has been criticized as a tool for facilitating the neoliberal ideology. Critics believe that the public in this kind of planning has been become to private sector partners for reproduction of capital and the real people- no part morass in society- excluded from this kind planning. The goal of this paper is to discover the unknown areas of collaborative planning with application of the beginning of politics concept as new formulation of real politics and approach for rediscovery of people. Exploring of casual relationship of research subject-collaborative planning and the application of the beginning concept for critiquing it- constitute the basic framework of paper and this matter shows explanatory nature of this paper. Also exploring unknown areas of collaborative planning represent the explorative essence. Independence of politics from government construct contingency characteristic of politics and social field. This fact results in reference to people politics energy which has not been revealed and this energy has solved in intra power groups and capital owners and prevents immanent movement. This article calls for a return to Lacanian perspective in contemporary communicative planning theory and analysis, but rather than traditional critique, it argues for a critique predicated on the psychoanalysis of Lacan and “The real concept. It signals right from that an intention to tamper with the familiar interpretation of planning theories to shake up current flow of theorization to allow other, more radical thoughts to be emerge. According to this approach, planners and policy-makers should be involved with conflicts and agonism more than consensus building. At that point in history, planning theory was dominated by systems that upheld rational approaches which gave planning processes priority over the possible results. Some like Mouffe and Laclau were among the chief detractors and critics of this approach who saw it as rooted in an apolitical basis. Lacan provides an explanation for this challenge based on his theorizing about human subjectivity— how we acquire the identifications that constitute ourselves as planners. The article will deploy Lacan’s explanatory power for understanding how the professional identities of planners and the central ideas constituting the planning discipline are interrelated. Particularly, Lacan’s theoretical model of the four discourses will be used to explore planning education and how aspiring planners acquire and internalize the discipline’s often-diffuse sets of traditions, beliefs, knowledges, and values. In this article, I will trace a reconfigurative path through the Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory, picking out the hidden narrative that has instigated the contemporary reassertion of antagonism and conflict in planning. My intent is not to erase the historical discussion about consensus in planning decision making process but to open up and recompose the territory of the communicative planning through a critical reference to antagonism in planning.  As will be evident in this article, this reference and reassertion of conflict in planning theory and practice is an exercise in both deconstruction and reconstitution through Lacan and Mouffe viewpoints. It cannot be accomplished simply by appending spatial highlights to inherited planning theories perspectives and sitting back to watch them with logical convictions. The article argues that a Lacanian inspired phronetic model is particularly useful for understanding spatial planning and related urban policy discourses, for it provides insight as to how desire and resultant ideological fantasies shape our shared social reality and spaces of habitation in our globalized world. Why is it so difficult to define concisely the meaning of ‘planning’ and many of its dominant concepts—public interest, new urbanism, sustainability or smart growth—when deployed in formulating urban policy? Lacan’s discourse theory suggests an answer based on an understanding of our human subjectivity, a subjectivity that implicitly seeks to overlook contradiction and ambiguity in our desire to fulfill human aspirations for a harmonious and secure world. This article will use Lacanian theory to examine the beliefs of the planning profession, how they are shaped and then implemented in our urban environments. This article, maps out a new political approach in planning theory and practice that is deeply rooted in the real concept of Lacan and the political concept of Mouffe that applies equally well to critical planning theory and to decision making process. The fist fruit of this approach – and the first lessons of planning theory that embodies it – is the idea that planners can understand planning environment uncertainty, complexity and conflicts only by locating himself within antagonistic environment. This approach enables us to grasp real practice and theory and the relations of stakeholders in planning and decision-making process. I draw upon Lacan’s depiction of what is essentially a real imagination in planning to illustrate the logic of antagonism that help realization of planning decision making process.

Introduction Noise is an integral part of modern life and modern overnight. Our ancestors lived in a more quiet environments and exposed to the sounds were softer. The problems of the urban environment in terms of noise and discomfort for audio, mainly is related to two factors: ( A) density of more than production units, industry and services in cities, (b) the spatial distribution of business units in urban areas . The establishment of incompatible applications and business units nuisance and pollution in cities, especially in the vicinity of residential areas, the critical situation is caused by the transfer of land around cities is a suitable solution. However, Ahwaz, as a strategic city on a national scale, is faced with the low levels of acoustic comfort due to the: expansion of space, the establishment of heavy industries and workshops, crossing the national railroad through the urban fabric, the locating of its airport inside the city and etc… Of cities with a high number of sound pollutants and low levels of comfort is audio.   Methodology The dominant approach to this research is location analyze. According to the research literature and standards presented in Environmental Protection Organization, the land use in Ahwaz city and related data are provided. In local analysis, after identifying all noisy land uses, Noise pollution zoning is carried out in three steps including the noisy uses (step I) and local arteries (step II), and finally map acoustic comfort (step III) of the composition of the maps using Fuzzy Overlay analysis and operator SUM, for urban areas is obtained. The fuzzy membership functions, map algebra, fuzzy overlay have been used in the GIS to measure the neighborhoods of Euclidean distance tools. To determine the mean spatial proximity of land use in each area, the spatial analyzer application and also the fuzzy Delphi model are used for weighing the selected criteria. Results and discussion Noise pollution is one of the most important disturbing factors in modern life and work environments. The lack of acoustic comfort causes irreparable damage to the health of residents of the area. Therefore, regarding to the principles of proximity is necessary and, on the other hand, the proximity of urban utilities, especially the proximity of residential land use, can greatly reduce the amount of noise pollution and provide comfort for residents. On this base, the first dimension of analysis is the measuring urban noisy utilities. In this (first) dimension: The spatial analysis results in this study can be investigated in three dimensions: - The first dimension is to analyze the results at the level of urban regions. In this dimension, the sound comfort assessment map was prepared by region. The results show that the minimum level of observance of the principles of proximity in the city center and especially at the district (1 and 2) of region 1 and the district (1) of the seven region. In these district, incompatible and relatively incompatible land uses in the vicinity of the residential parts have caused the lack of adjacency and the loss of acoustic comfort for inhabitants. More ever the concentration of commercial activities with a sound level above 75 dB and workhouses with a sound level above 80 dB and the existence of a high pass audio network in the central area are caused the high levels of noise pollution in these areas. Because of the deployment of polluting land uses, the most noise pollution can be seen in the inner-city, and with the increase the distance from the center, we can see the reduces of the noise pollution. - The second dimension is the spatial analysis of proximity in the metropolitan Ahwaz with extraction of value from the GIS export maps. The results of the proximity analysis indicate that in district 2 with coefficient (0/857), district 5 with coefficient (0/792) and district 1 with the coefficient (0/639) of region 1, have more incompatible land use that cause the most noise pollution in these regions. - The third dimension is local analysis. Among the selected indicators effective in causing noise pollution, heavy industry, passenger terminals, intruder workshops, numerous repair shops, military-policing use and passage of highways and main roads, the most important polluting occupations They are Therefore, in order to increase of the acoustic comfort with.   Conclusion The findings have shown that the deployment of polluting uses and occupations in the vicinity of the residential user has led to the lack of adherence to the principles of neighborliness in urban use and the principle of comfort is not adhered to in the vicinity of urban use in the metropolis of Ahwaz. Therefore, in order to increase the neighboring factor of urban utilities in terms of sound comfort in the metropolis of Ahvaz, it is suggested:   - the development of green spaces in metropolitan areas of Ahvaz using two and six plant species suitable environmental conditions areas. - reforming network traffic engineering in order to avoid the heavy traffic and increase user and create facilities such as public parking in the area. - To prevent the construction of sound and non-residential spaces that are sensitive to noise along main or motorways, and vice versa, to emphasize the use of sensitive applications along access roads.

Introduction Sustainable agriculture is a multidimensional and complex system that deals with many challenges because of the modernization and economic-oriented policies. the most important sustainability challenges are Population growth and urbanization, changing consumption patterns, food health and security, unemployment, profitability, green markets and technologies, farmers' empowerment and environmental risks such as climate changes, water resources and land scarcity .Therefore, finding an efficient solution to integrating the economy and the environment play a crucial role in sustainability. Ecological modernization based on the capacity of innovation, technological changes, green growth, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs is the key to the relationship. So, the multidimensional approach of entrepreneurship which called “Sustainable Entrepreneurship “has been emphasized as a strategic intervention. It is improved economic, environmental and social values simultaneously. Sustainable Entrepreneurship is the process of identifying, creating and evaluating sustainable businesses or improving existing businesses by using the sustainable innovation solutions. It is create sustainable opportunities by providing worthwhile goods and services for the economic, social and environmental goals of sustainable development. The policies and markets failure is the turning point in emerging these opportunities, and sustainable entrepreneur is a catalyst which links financial capital, human resources, and ideas etc. In this framework, sustainable agriculture is improved with an entrepreneurial approach which called entrepreneurial sustainable agriculture (ESA). It is accessible throughout the entrepreneurship progress in the process of developing agricultural sector within the framework of the sustainable development paradigm.  ESA is achieved through the entrepreneurship development in the agricultural sector within the framework of sustainable development In Iran, for more than two decades, sustainable development and entrepreneurship have been emphasized in macro and agriculture sector policy, and in the five-year social, cultural and economic development plans (from second plan to now- Currently the sixth development plan is being implemented). Therefore, some improvements toward sustainability are expected Although, agricultural sector of Iran and also Khuzestan province as one of the most noteworthy agricultural areas and  one of the pole of agronomy, are faced with many unsustainability issues such as poverty, unemployment, uneducated and unskilled farmers, traditional practices and thoughts, lack of investments, credits and insurance, the uncontrolled exploitation of external inputs, contamination of natural resources, waste abundance etc. Therefore, in order to determine the road map of policymaking toward sustainable agriculture, evaluating  the status of entrepreneurial sustainability of agricultural sector, and the gap between this and the desired situation is very important. The main purpose of this study is evaluating sustainable agriculture development with an entrepreneurial approach in Khuzestan province.   Methodology This is a survey and applied research. Document analysis and two types of questionnaire are used for data gathering. The first questionnaire related to find the proper indices to measuring ESA concept that is consist of 3 dimensions and 12 sub dimensions (elements). These include 6, 4, and 2 elements, respectively, in social (Justice and Equality; Decentralization and participation; Knowledge, culture and empowerment; Quality of Life; Research and Development(R & D); Institutional development), economic (Development of investment and infrastructure; Employment; Commerce and market; Productivity and profitability) and environmental (Conservation and restoration of natural resources; Natural resources and environment management) dimensions. It is answered by 13 experts who selected by purposive and snowball sampling methods. So 63 indices including 29, 22 and 12 respectively includes social, economic and environmental dimensions are approved to make the second type of questionnaire. It is about determining the current status of ESA. It has been answered by 495 Agronomists of Khouzestan province. The sample is selected by random and Probability Proportional sampling methods from three climatically homogeneous regions of Khouzestan province included Mediterranean, arid and semi- arid. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed by elites and Cronbach's alpha test. Descriptive analysis including frequency, mean and percentage, linear normalization method, ANOVA and Tukey test, Spline interpolation technic and SPSS ,Excel and GIS software used for data analyzing.   Results and discussion Descriptive results show that just 10.7 percent of samples are active in producing healthy products. Just one of them (1.9%) had attempted to certify his organic products. The use of sustainable agricultural technologies is the lowest thought 10 percent. Only two respondents (0.4%) did not use pesticides and fertilizers at all. The quality of life (normal score= 0.25), employment (0.24) and Conservation and restoration of natural resources (0.11) respectively, In the social, economic and environmental dimensions are in the best and R & D (0.00), Development of investment and infrastructure (0.08) and Natural resources and environment management (0.05) in the worst situation than other elements. In addition, the social (0.20) and economic (0.18) and also ESA (0.19) status of the semi-arid region is better than the dry (0.16) and Mediterranean (0.12) regions. There are the significant differences, at 1 percent error level, among the three dimensions and between arid and semi-arid with the Mediterranean. The integrated approach of this study is unique in Iran. So there is no similar study for comparison. However, the results matches with the findings of kouchaki et al. (2013) regarding the low level of agricultural sustainability and the studies of Nasrollahi et al. (2011) is in line with the unbalanced development of the cities of khouzestan. Conclusion The status of dimensions and elements of ESA in Khouzestan province and its regions indicates the heterogeneity of the degree of ESA development. This is against the principle of justice in sustainable development. Besides, Based on Prescott Allen's sustainability barometer, Human welfare status is better than ecosystem welfare. All over the status of the entrepreneurial sustainable agriculture of khouzestan province was bad and unacceptable or unsustainable. In this regard, the spatial analysis indicated the spatial imbalance of ESA dimensions and focusing development mainly in the northern and central regions of the province

Introduction According to the World Bank (2016), more than 46% of the world's population (3.9 billion) live in rural areas. Predicted that by 2050 this number is reduced to 34%. The most important reason for this is rural migration to urban areas, seeking better quality of life, the existence of regional inequalities, and rural deprivation. Therefore, in order to prevent rural immigration and promote rural development, reducing deprivation and identifying its indicators as a principle for policy makers should be prioritized. These indicators are important for identifying the patterns of economic and social inequality in societies. For this reason, measures have been taken by countries to identify these indicators. The city of Poledokhtar is one of the areas with a rural population above the national average. The villages of this city are among the most deprived areas of Lorestan province. Barriers and limitations in quality of life, income sources, poor housing conditions, inadequate education, and lack of sanitation and social services for rural residents have led a large number of households to migrate from rural to urban areas to achieve better quality of life. On the other hand, it is necessary to identify the indices of deprivation in rural areas and present suitable solutions to it, implementation of deprivation and rural development programs, especially in the economic dimension and sustainable livelihood of rural households. Therefore, the present research attempts to analyze the regional deprivation indices in Poledokhtar. The research questions are: What are the most important indicators of rural deprivation in Poledokhtar? Which indicators (objective or subjective) can better assess rural deprivation? Moreover, what is the spatial pattern of the dimensions of rural deprivation in this region? Research Methodology Research and applied research as the "method", in the context of "cross" occurs. The data are collected in two ways: "documents" and "you know" is. Data collection has also been done in both "documentary" and "field". The statistical population of the research includes the village of Poldokhtar. Using Cochran formula, 400 households are selected randomly from a sample population. To identify the most important deprivation indices, unlimited exploratory uncertainty test (Johansson method) is used in Eviews software version 9. In this test, considering the special values (numerical value), identifying and exploring the most important indicators, they can be ranked. In order to evaluate the objective and subjective indices of deprivation, a one-sample t-test is used to examine the difference between rural areas in terms of deprivation indices of Post-Hoc Anova follow-up tests in Spss software version 22, and to provide a spatial pattern of the system Geographic Information (GIS) be used. Discussion and Findings To investigate the most important rural deprivation indices in the study area, an unlimited exploratory coherency test has been used. The findings of this test are shown that among the eighteen indicators considered to measure rural deprivation, eleven indicators are at a low level, and the villages in the region are in a disadvantaged position. Of these eleven indicators, three Index Income and savings (0.219), Ownership (0.120) and Housing (.114) related to economic deprivation, three Index Educational (0.147), Hygiene (0.127) and welfare Services (0.114) related to Social dimension, two Index of cultural infrastructure (0.120) and the rights of ethnicities and minorities (0.164) related to the political-cultural dimension and three Index Village environment (0.135), Street network (0.102) and Rural infrastructure (0.160) related to the Peripheral-physical dimension the deprivation has been. One-sample t-test is used in the context of the importance of the objective and subjective indices of rural deprivation. The findings show that the mean of objective indices is 4.08 and subjective indices are 3.52. The value of sig obtained for the dimensions is also not equal. Both are less than the alpha level of 0.05. This indicates the difference between objective and subjective indicators for assessing deprivation in the study area. Hence, it can be concluded that the respondents consider the importance of objective indicators to be more than mental indices. In rural areas where significant differences exist in the dimensions of deprivation. Discussion and conclusion For a number of reasons, rural areas require a careful look and analysis of rural development policies; first, the bulk of the world's population lives in villages. Second, rural areas contain almost all the necessary resources, such as food and energy resources for human life; Third: Urban and rural inequality and rural deprivation. One of the most important strategies for most countries to achieve development is the issue of eliminating rural deprivation. Considering the importance of this issue, this study also identifies important indicators of rural deprivation, analyzing its spatial pattern. The results showed that of the eighteen indicators, eleven indicators are located at the lower level and the villages of the region are deprived of these eleven indicators. Of these, three indicators of income and savings, property and housing related to the economic dimension, three indicators of education, health and welfare services related to the social dimension, two indicators of cultural infrastructure and the rights of ethnic groups related to the political-cultural dimension, and finally Three environmental indicators, road network and infrastructure have been related to environmental degradation. Spatial analysis of the villages of Poldokhtar in terms of deprivation dimensions showed that there is a significant difference between different villages. The degree of deprivation of villages has severity and weakness, and in order to reduce the deprivation, identification of regional indicators of deprivation must be provided for each region. It is therefore proposed to effectively overcome rural deprivation, rural communities need real support, not with plans, programs and political gestures. To reduce rural deprivation, long-term plans for agriculture and livestock should be devised, not by the program. In physical and symbolic terms, it is necessary to provide them with the facilities, not cash or tune their stomachs.

Extended Abstract: Introduction Rural Deteriorated Texture (RDT) has lost its effectiveness in terms of form and content where the conceptualization of good rural form fosters movements, especially renovation (a part of the organization). This issue has been raised recently in the country, but many patterns are not proportional to reality, so intervention is needed to create a balance. Therefore, basic elements for organizing (renovation) of rural deteriorated textures (meaning five basic elements of rural form) include: building type; infrastructure; land use; density and layout. In this regard, scientific appraisal has not yet been for basic elements ranking the rural deteriorated textures. On the other hand, the Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method has been introduced as a one of the most ranking methods recently. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the most important elements of the RDT ranking using ARAS.   Methodology The present research is based on library, documentary and field studies. This means that the most important indicators to identify basic elements for organizing (renovation) rural deteriorated textures were identified theoretically; and then, using questionnaires of 260 rural households and 15 local managers, 15 rural deteriorated textures on the fringes of Tehran metropolis were selected (using Kernel Density Estimation /KDE methods and GIS). Then ideas of fifteen elites and scientific experts (to 5 alternatives weighing) were analyzed. In this regard, firstly, the opinions of two groups of villagers (people and local managers) and scientific experts about the criteria (in order to emphasize planning with the people) was obtained using the Rank sum method and then ranked 5 alternatives (basic elements for organizing) was done using the ARAS method. In addition, SPSS and EXCEL were also used for further analysis.   Results and Discussion The results obtained from the ARAS method showed that the building element form is a priority for organizing (renovation) of rural deteriorated textures. That follows by arrangement; layout; infrastructure; land use and; density form. In fact, the building form in organizing the rural deteriorated textures on the Tehran metropolitan fringe is more important than other elements because the role it plays.   Conclusion The research findings indicate that the element- building form- is the most impotent compared to other elements for organizing rural deteriorated textures on the fringe of metropolises, using the ARAS method. However, the findings are not consistent with the results of other research and experiments, because researchers have not ranked the basic elements for organizing the rural deteriorated textures, which indicates the innovation of the present study. Since focusing on this leads us to a more accurate and desirable planning, researchers are encouraged to focus on this issue in the future research. However, the indexes of the element building form in the findings of this study are similar and consistent with other research and experience (directly or indirectly). In general, the Rural Deteriorated Texture (RDT) has lost its effectiveness in terms of form, with more attention to the building element than others. In other words, more emphasis on the building strength index can achieve a sustainable rural form. Of course, this is an important part of organizing the rural deteriorated textures that is necessary for its various platforms/ aspects, with the participation of locals/ villagers (as main actors) and relevant organizations and institutions (public, private, NGOs as facilitators), which should be taken into account by future researchers