نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 16 (پاییز و زمستان 97)

Karbandi is a common structural and covering pattern for arched surfaces in Persian architecture, which is rooted in the precise methods of descriptive geometry. These methods, due to their strict geometry, do not have much flexibility and have been used only in specific fields in Iranian architecture. Therefore, the questions arise: what are the limitations and requirements of common drawing methods of Karbandi design? And by discovering these limitations and requirements, how can Karbandi applications be expanded? This research aimed at answering the mentioned questions. For achieving the first purpose the geometry of Karbandis of Tabriz historic bazaar, as the salient samples in Persian architecture, have initially been analyzed. Then, according to the found limitations and requirements, it has investigated the possibility of Karbandi design on innovative and novel bases. This research has been carried out through a logical argumentation method by means of direct observation, corpus analysis and computer modeling to present solutions to increase the variety of Karbandi fields. The results of the research suggest that the conditions and adequate requirements for the geometric execution of an n-lateral Karbandi on the bases of regular or irregular quadrilaterals can be summarized in the three categories as follows:1. The two facing angle of the base quadrilateral must be complementary.
2. All the four angles resulting from drawing either of the diameters must be a multiple of the result of dividing 180 (degrees) by the number of sides .
3. The Shamseh of Karbandi must be formed inside the base. The latter condition is met only when the center of the circumscribing circle is located inside the base.
It was also determined that apart from rectangular and regular bases, the geometry of some types of Karbandi can also be accurately implemented in a group of irregular bases. Finally, according to the above conditions, a method was figured out through which it is possible to accurately calculate and draw the Karbandi geometry in accordance with the base geometry with the least error rate possible.

Historic fabric can perform an important role in the development of cities. Urban sustainable regeneration is one of the recent approaches in historic fabric. In this approach, all indicator of sustainable development including economic, social, cultural, management and environmental dimensions have been used in conservation of the historic fabric. All the principles of sustainable development have been proposed in regeneration. This research aim is explaining model of economic Regeneration in historic fabric based on Parsons Structural Functionalism. Structural Functionalism Theory has identified social system into subsystems which have A (Adaptation functions), G(Goal gratification functions), I(Integration functions), and L(Latent pattern maintenance functions). This theory was based on the concern for the stability or maintenance of social system. This paper merges structural functionalism theory with economic regeneration in historic fabric. Documents and statements of regeneration have been restored since the 1990s. Many studies have been done on this topic. Each of them proposes principles for the realization of regeneration but until now, comprehensive variables have not been introduced in this field. The Methodology of this research is Documentary method and qualitative content analysis in method. The model has been explained by analyses of documents, statements, charter and previous research. The zone of this research is all of the historical fabrics. The method of Data collection is documentary. The reliability of the research has been confirmed with a scorecard of 87.6% between the professors and protection specialists in the Scott test. Economic regeneration was characterized by four dimensions: Economic value, investment, Economic activity in historic fabric and Branding. These variables were located in structural functionalism theory. Economic value has been located in adaptation function; investment has been located in goal gratification function, Economic activity in historical fabric has been located in integration function and Branding has been located in latent pattern maintenance function.

Each country's cultural heritage indicates culture, history, and background of a nation, which has different social, economic, and historical values. However, the evaluation of these heritages does not take place considering the hidden values in them. Therefore, in planning for preservation or exploitation of these heritages some values in them may be ignored. On the other hand, constraint on the budget, time, and workforce necessitates to set a prioritized action plan. In this regard, it is necessary to provide a special priority of hidden values in heritages from the view of experts in the field of construction, architecture and urbanism to analyze the values of architectural and urban values. Naqshe Jahan Square in Isfahan as a valuable heritage with historical, social, cultural, and economic significance should be investigated to determine the priorities of its conservation and planning for its elements. In this regard, the present study with a descriptive – analytical manner and using the questionnaire and by ANP method was tried to identify and prioritize the values of architectural and urban values considering the expert's view. The results of this study showed that the priority of the elements in the Naqshe- Jahan Square is Naghshe-jahan square urban space, aliqapu building, Sheykh lotfollah mosque, Emam mosque, Qeysariyeh Bazar.

Professor Pirnia classified house space in three spatial system, large, small and breack Peymoon which the basis of these categories include spatial scale, number and arrangement of different spaces in them. Despite the nominal researches, there is not specific research about the introduction of spatial features and patterns ruling over them. The present study follows the concept of privacy and additionally analyze the spatial structure of three spatial systems and the way of responding to this principle. The method of "space syntax" is used. After the introduction of the originator of privacy architectural elements in space, such indicators were defined which are used to analyze and assess each of these factors. Then six samples of traditional houses of three Peymoon in the cities of Kashan and Isfahan were selected and above factors were measured for any of the houses. The method used in this study was quantitative, and method of data analysis was descriptive-analytic. The analysis tools were including justification charts, mathematical relationships and Depthmap software and any index was analyzed on its own device. The results showed that confidentiality was a rule in all three systems of the house and has always attracted the attention of their creators. However the way of being flexible was different in the three spatial system. The comparison of spatial structures in response to confidentiality showed similar behavior in two different cities about the indicators such as introversion, privacy, hierarchy, and location houses. While there was differences about forbidding the nobility and the hierarchy of orders from outside to inside the house between the cities.

Throughout the history, interventions by masons and local builders have played a major role in the creation and continuity of Iranian architecture. Masons’ understanding and knowledge of conservation and architecture have been derived from experience and practice over the years. Nonetheless, conservation researchers have paid little attention, if any, to the masons’ knowledge, which can be seen in the contemporary literature of conservation. Moreover, local knowledge or indigenous know-how is often not registered except in the masons’ mind, which greatly contributes to the problem that the knowledge of this field is gradually fading away and we seem to be moving towards losing this invaluable information. Presently, and for different reasons, the remaining generation of vernacular architects or masons in Iran is at risk of disappearing. Furthermore, paying attention to masons - as one of the architecture and conservation’s oral resources- can be a valuable reference for identifying and explaining the paradigm of conservation intervention in the past, since this tacit knowledge could be extracted and possibly applied in today’s conservation.
This research is to focus on masons’ tacit knowledge and their position in conservation interventions. The paper seeks an answer to the following questions in the context of Iranian Architecture: “What purpose did the masons’ conservation intervention serve? How and under what conditions were the decisions made?” Therefore the paper aims at explaining the paradigm of conservation intervention in the past”. With this intention at the focal point of this research, a group of experienced masons (20 Persons) in southern Khorasan, Iran, were identified, from whom data was collected through conversation as well as semi-structured interviews. Employing a combination of historical, descriptive, survey, and field study research methods, data were gathered through and then analyzed using Grounded Theory (GT) approach. This was done through coding for interviews text using MAXQDA 10 software.
Analyzing the masons’ tacit knowledge, it is concluded that a wide spectrum of intervention could be identified. Which in general can be classified into three categories: namely “conditions”, “strategies”, and “consequences”. Each of which are further described and categorized. The toned for periodic repairs and maintenance, preventive conservation and stabilization, changes to accommodate changing life styles, emergency conservation, and beliefs are example of causal conditions. Contextual conditions also are: materials and architecture changing, values, norms, and problems and limitations. Degree and level of mason’s -that provided by their practices in architecture and conservation- and education process are the intervening condition. Among other measures, conservation strategies include repair, adaptation, renovation, and reconstruction. Continuity in function as well as structural stability can be considered as the main aims of conservation intervention, which are called “consequences” in this paper.

One of the reasons for the lack of sense of place and identity in urban environments is the lack of original ideas and human-oriented concepts of Islamic thoughts in the cities. Therefore, paying attention to the sense of place in the traditional environments and its extension to the today's neighborhoods is one of the most important requirements in designing residential environments.
The main objective of this research is first to investigate and identify the components of attachment to the Islamic city and then promote attachment to the residential environments based on the guidelines of Islamic texts as well as identifies factors influencing the attachment at different space scales.
This research using the qualitative approach and based on content analysis and logical reasoning compares the concepts of sense of belonging at different scales of residential environments. The method used in this research is analysis-logical. Moreover, its characteristics and approaches in terms of physical, functional and meaning components have been studied. The results of findings show that to create the sense of belonging in the scale of the house, the neighborhood and the city requires that the three physical, mental and spiritual needs of human should be satisfied in interaction of functional or behavioral, emotional and cognitive with residential environments.
The results of investigation of Islamic texts and Hadiths show that physical factors in the scale of house and social factors in the scale of neighborhood and the city are important. For example, the most indicated instruction by the Prophet is about taking care about the neighborhoods and communication with them and paying attention to ethics in the city and civil relationships in residential environments. Therefore, in the process of formation of the Islamic concept of urban space we should be more concerned with the social aspects of the city.

Understanding architectural heritage and their various aspects have always been a subject of focus for the international conservation communities. Within the recent decades, eventhough the place-names are part of the living history as well as cultural heritage, they have still constantly been facing quick precipitant changes. As such, in the Conservation literature, most studies have skipped addressing this phenomenon other than through a historic-geographical approach; thus, neglecting the specific character of place-names in the context of Architecture and not analyzed with a conservational approach apt for revisiting their cultural significance and dynamism. Since any change regarding the places’ names is a form of change in the totality of the object named, this study will attempt to firstly discuss the propriety and necessity of regarding place-names through the perspective of Conservation, and eventually provide a theoretical approach to understand them in the light of a new holistic approach in which a place-name can be depicted with a spatial aspect. With this objectiv, we will evaluate the definitions of a “name” and a “place” and an architectural edifice in its place, where the following questions of “what the resemblance between the character of a name and that of a place is” and “how these characters relate to the memory of place” could be addressed.
In this regard, by exploring the toponymical resources and those references related to the phenomenology of place, along with few place-name examples, the character of name and place will be represented in relation to life, events, and the associated meanings to them. At last, the results will be demonstrated in a comparative format between the current historical and the proposed holistic approach, within a few major principles as a new way to re-reading of the place-names. This comparative paradigm, that is, the explanation of a new conservational approach to the place-names, can be viewed as providing a theoretical context to view the names of historic sites and architectural edifices as intangible forms for the “places of cultural significance” and not just as historical-linguistic aspects to naming a location. Moreover, these deductions also provide a concrete foundation as to why a place-name must be seen in the light of contemporary conservation discourses, seen to be also focusing on the name character as an intangible form of place, and on the dynamics of names’ association to the objects of architecture over time.

The values of cultural heritage can be considered as a key word in interventions in conservation of cultural heritage. Nowadays, the role of value in various fields of heritage, especially in architecture heritage, is one of the most important factors that affects the concept of conservation. Along with and related to the concept of value, lies the concept of conservation, one as old as human history. Due to variety and differences among values in different societies, conserving these values has to precisely identify the needs in each society without which it is not possible to carry out an accurate conservation. This study aims to determine the relationship between the hidden values of architectural heritage in Iran and the ways of conserving them, and by assuming that there is a direct relationship between them, this study attempts to explain this relationship and introduce various kinds of values and ways of conserving them. Analyzing ways to recognize, assess and apply these values in conservation is another section of the studies that provides the preparations to make a suitable model to conserve values of architecture heritage in Iran. The main purpose of this thesis is to obtain a model based on which we can find ways of conservation regarding the values in architecture heritage. This model, known as the value-based model, makes suitable the conditions to extract, assess, and prioritize various values in architecture heritage; it also makes the application of the values possible in order to make appropriate methods of conservation. According to the proposed model in world heritage of Takhte Soleiman and ANP and Delphi method utilizes techniques to extract hidden values in this set the outcome of the project makes it clear that the application of the model resulted in a better decision making process in the field of conservation, and this can make a good opportunity to codify a charter of architecture conservation in Iran. Research is the method of data collection, documentary and field.

Skyline,is an important factor In explaining the locative characteristics and Qualitative  properties of urban scape, As an indicator of improved urban life. This study has used one of the Contemporary urban studies methods, Because of the Appropriate and functional Capabilities and Analyzes Its impact on the urbanscape. This analysis is done based on the definitions in the field of urbanscape and it’s elements, So that the skyline addition to being Quantitative indicators to explain and identity a cityscape, Checked as an urban” edge”, visual elements of urbanscape. While traditional Iranian cities according to their formal structure has been a characteristics of the skyline, Which plays a major role in quality to that city.
This article is descriptive-functional study and Survey Research that, Attemptto analyze the use of new concepts in the field of mathematics and related software (Matlab-Benoit), skyline as (a fractal  phenomenon) is effective factor on shape of the city and its Quality. Calculated In each picture ,Number of skyline’s  fractal dimension, This number Specifies the location features and spatial quality by compared with the other sequences’s fractal dimension. The results have functional role of the analysis and visual perspective of urban planning and management. On the other hand, according to the definitions in the Urbanscape Studies, Urban edges are elements of  cityscape that  have  common component  with  skyline.therefore It  will investigate  as the edges of  the city, In a qualitative sense.