فصلنامه سیاست خارجی
سال سی و دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 127، پاییز 1397)

The digital age has brought about fundamental changes in methods of communication, and participation of citizens in foreign policy decision making, as well as the way a government access foreign publics and convey its massages.The creation of post-factual societies have intensifies competition between state and non-state actors to attract more attention. This development has also complicated the practical process of persuasion and public opinion management.  Accordingly, the diplomatic language as the language of logic, law, peace, respect, politeness, reasoning and persuasion has gained an outstanding room in the agenda of new public diplomacy.This essay seeks to investigate the relationship between language and diplomacy and its role in strengthening national interest. In response to the question “how language can best be utilized as an efficient tool to serve national interest and extend soft power?” the claim of this research is that the diplomatic language, as a mirror reflects identity, culture and values of a nation, could play a vital role to convey credible messages, build trust and shape the perceptions, norms and actions of different actors in the public sphere. The success of diplomatic language in the post-truth societies is related to the factors such as: establishing an efficient mechanism for constant stream of authentic massages, using credible messengers, boosting skill of framing via new social networks, creating two-way conversation with audiences and proving worlds with honest actions. In the first part of the essay, the relationship between language and national culture and its role in cross-cultural communication has been examined. In the second section, component and skills of diplomatic language have been discussed.

Central Asia has been changing concept in terms of security. This means that this region has undergone a transformation at different times and with changing political security equivalents.  Hence, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, this region has been the subject of numerous security threats and challenges. Ethnic-territorial conflicts, political instability, lack of socio-economic development, transnational threats and organized crime have been part of the most important security challenges in the Central Asian region. So that the existence of these acute security challenges and problems has brought various security problems to Central Asia and has prevented the full establishment of peace and stability in this region. Accordingly, the article's question is: what have been the reasons for the emergence of the security crisis in Central Asia After the collapse of the Soviet Union? And how can Iran protect its security environment from the crisis created in the region? The main findings of this research indicate that in Central Asia, a complex and multi-layered combination of economic factors, socio-religious structure and political factors and the legitimacy crisis has led to the formation of a security crisis. The Islamic Republic of Iran can adopt an economic-cultural approach in its relations with the countries of the region in order to strategic alignment with Central Asia and secure its security environment and emphasizes on the cultural commonalities and economic aspects and avoid conflicting issues. The method of this article is descriptive-analytical and is based on Third World Security Theory.

Korean Peninsula as an ancient and strategic land, is the place of one of the most complex and difficult riddles of the international scene and the division of Korean Peninsula can be considered the largest remaining legacy of World War II in northeastern Asia. Korean Peninsula have been the strategic battlefield of self-interested global and regional powers for centuries, and due to its geopolitical position still hosts the conflict of regional and global powers’ interests and their competitions. North Korea’s nuclear issue and the division of the peninsula not only has affected the people of this land, but also the whole region of Northeast Asia. Hence, it is expected that the Korean Reunification would cause dramatic changes in the visage of Northeast Asia as well as the regional balance of power. In this regard, the question of present research would be: What are the strategic implications of the probable Korean Reunification? The hypothesis of the paper is that the Korean Reunification, while challenging the current security situation of the region, will increase the tensions among the powers and raise the role of Unified Korea in the political and economic fields

Brazil is counted among emerging powers now which has kept on its improvement after Second World War consistentetly. Despite of political instabilities throughtout these years (before 1985) Brazil kept on its way although the route of progress especially in the field of science and Technology compeletely tied up with the prevailed government, whether officers of politicians. After 1985 Brazil has saved stability of the state despite of economic instabilities. The main question is how Brazil leveraged Science Diplomacy to its national interests and which instruments and plans are preferred? It seems Brazil at the first step has strengthened its national institutions and national programs and outlooks. Overally its policy could be categorized in four main scopes. First Commercial Multilateralism, second Specialization (for example initiative of Biofuels Diplomacy and expanding its influence throughout the Africa), third is leveraging Independent National institutions for academic exchanges and subsidy granting. The most significant Brazilian Independent National institution is the State of São Paulo Funding Agency (Fapesp), and finally Desecuritizing its relations with other Latin American countries.

Maritime Piracy has been emerged in the international community and in particular, the coast of Somalia and the Gulf of Aden, after the period of recession and silence. Piracy has been altered in some ways, which can rightfully be considered as the completely new step of piracy. The evolution of the piracy (modern pirate actions and ommissions) has made it necessary to clarify the legal mechanisms to know how to adjudicating them. Following the explanation of the “Modern” facor of modern piracy which shows the evolution in conception of piracy, the present paper, scrutinized the indication of international responsibility in respect of the international law of international responsibility and considered the jurisdiction of tribunals to clarify what is (are) the propriate way(s) to adjudicating them. The paper in hands, showed that, independent, individual and derivative responsibility (shared responsibility), should and must be considered in respect of the issue in question. Contribution of national legal systems and international law to dealing with modern pirates is considered as the keypoint to achieving the said goal. Logically, not occurring this contribution as a whole in combatting such pirates, dealing with this issue will not be fruitful.

Cyber-operation is one of the major implications of rapid development of warfare tools and Methods. Such a big change in warfare is the result of stunning technological breakthroughs in Information and Technology (IT) industry.  IT evolution has increased the level of reliance of the economic and social infrastructures on IT devices, tools and networks. Consequently, it has increased their vulnerability and the possibility of such infrastructures to be targeted by terrorism and cyber-attacks, as major methods of asymmetrical war. Throughout recent decade, the issue of countering "cyber warfare" has always been on top of international security agendas. Certain governments have established new units within their own administrations or militaries in order to monitor legal, political and military aspects of cyber warfare and develop their own Cyber Armies.Regarding International law and particularly International Humanitarian Law (IHL), Since its Prime objective is to protect the lives of civilians and civilian objects in times of International Armed Conflicts (IACs), Any discussion of applicability of IHL rules and regulations, especially  the rules of Conduct of hostilities (i.e., Distinction, proportionality and adoption of precautionary measures) as well as the existing interpretations of such rules to cyber warfare, are of utmost importance given the specific characteristics of cyberspace. IHL is based on objective situations of traditional and classical wars, but cyber-operations happen in a virtual environment. Therefore, there is an essential challenge to apply IHL rules of conflict management to cyber-operations. However, lack of applicable rules of IHL in case of cyber-operations may lead states to codify a new body of IHL applicable to cyber-space. Due to lack of any international legal arrangements designed for conduct of cyber-operations, the article strives to take into account the unique features of cyberspace, the way to interpret and apply the main rules of conduct of hostilities in IHL in the context of cyber-warfare and suggest certain solutions.