نشریه مطالعات نقد زبانی و ادبی
پیاپی 1 (تابستان 1396)

Khosro and Shirin, written by Nezami Ganjavi, and Khosro Nameh, attributed to Attar Neyshabouri, despite not being in the same level of significance and poetic strength, are highly similar regarding their fictional elements. Considering the content and themes, both works are romantic: either of them is a romance about two lovers who pass an arduous journey through the hardships in order to join each other. The influence Nezami had on poets after him, including the writer of Khosrow Nameh, should not be ignored. It also needs to be mentioned that, comparing these works does not mean that they have the same status in literature. The current research, draws a comparison between the mentioned works in terms of fictional elements and storytelling techniques, scrutinizes the works to find similarities and differences, and provides evidence for them. There is similarity among some elements, such as lack of an intense plot, having the same characters and tone, and monotony, while some elements are different. For instance, element of strife seems to be more internal in Khosro and Shirin but external in Khosro Nameh.

Structuralism and narratology are approaches which can be used in literary studies. Structuralism, in its Proppian and classic form, is normally applied in studying ancient texts, myths and folktales. However, such approaches can also be employed for investigating works from the last two centuries, such as works by Edgar Allan Poe. Propp proposes thirty one functions and seven actors which are similar and frequently used in Russian folktales. This paper investigates similar functions in selected tales of Allen Poe Tales – ''The Tell-Tale Heart'', ''The Black Cat'' and ''The Cask of Amontillado'' – which have similar features to Propp’s theory: hatred, murder, crime and hiding a body in a building – with some minor differences – have been typically and repeatedly used in the mentioned tales.

Literary sociologists pay little attention to aesthetic and formalistic thoughts in a literary work. However, figures such as Brecht, Adorno, Horkheimer and Marcuse have shown a tendency toward formalistic methods; they reconciled formalism with Marxism in their works. Marxism insists on social and referential content in a text, while formalism has its insistence on the self-referentiality of a text and its literary form. The mentioned literary sociologists go far beyond these boundaries; they share an interest in a storywriter who does not look at the society directly. In such point of view, the text becomes more readable and also the social problems will be depicted even better. Although Marcuse has shown tendencies for content-related aspects in his early works, he adds ‘form’ and ‘aesthetics’ to such aspects in his later works. Throughout his works, he suggests us to be free from hardworking, struggle against oppression, leave our spurious needs and avoid being one-dimensional people. Doing so, one can become free and accomplish their true wills such as love. Such content and theme must be presented in a work artistically, by using metaphors, symbols, and strange points of view, in order not to be vulgarized. Bijan Najdi’s short story “Horse-pouring Day”, exposes the reader to the captivity of a horse, its habit of being a captive, and alienation. The mentioned exposure is not presented directly and simply but in an artistic and formalistic technique.
This article analyzes the short story “Horse-pouring Day”, from the short story collection The Leopards Who Have Run with Me, employing sociological and aesthetical theories, specifically Marcuse’s thoughts.

The issue of time is one of the contemporary human’s concerns. Due to its multi-faceted and metaphorical composition, it is difficult to provide a definition for time. Among Iranian female poets, Forough Farrokhzad deals with time more ontologically than others. Poems in two recent books of hers have wide reflection of the concept of human’s “eternal loneliness” and his irreconcilable challenge with the daunting aspect of time. This paper intends to study the concept of “Quantity and Quality of time” in “The wind will carry us” by Forough Farrokhzad, with a different view of time. As the findings and result of this study suggest, first part of the poem presents the consequences of the linear aspect of time which causes the quantity of time. However, the setting and descriptions in the final part of the poem face us with different interpretations which have been presented in order to visualize the very concept of “moment” and lead us to quality of time. This study, in addition to providing an overview of the concepts of quantity and quality of time, reads “wind will carry us” referring to Heidegger and Kundera’s thoughts.

Cohesion provides an opportunity for joining linguistic elements to their previous and after ones. Lexical cohesion is one which is achieved through using lexical relations such as repetition, meaning inclusion (partial and whole), synonyms, antonyms, and homonymy. This article intends to study the lexical cohesion in a selection of children’s poems by Erfan Nazar Ahari and Jafar Ibrahimi. In order to do so, two poems of mentioned poets – With Light Write on Blackboard of the World” and “Peace Just Like Freshly-brewed Tea” – which have nearly the same number of words, have been selected and considering the quantity and the quality, the cohesion tools which have been employed in them have been assessed,. This research, which has been carried out with a descriptivecorrelative method and by using the ideas of Halliday and Hasan on cohesion, represents the lexical cohesion tools used in both poets’ children’s poems and shows that “repetition” and “homonymy” are the most frequently used ones among the other ones.

Language is a social factor which connects people. There are different speech styles among individuals; such difference is due to the circumstances in which they live. The purpose of this paper is to study the speech style of women of Qazvin in different situations. The authors have sought to find answers to the following questions: What is the relationship between speech style and age among women of Qazvin? What is the relationship between speech style and education among Qazvin’s women? In this article, first, the key concepts – including style, language, gender and different reasons for the appearance of linguistic varieties – have been stated, and then the variables 'age' and 'education' and their impact on speech style of women of Qazvin have been studied.

Tatic dialect of Roudbâr e zeytoun is the only representative of Tatic language in Guilan province which, is being totally devastated under the influence of formal Farsi language as well as neighboring dialect of Gilaki. The number of Tatic speakers in Roudbâr is estimated 40 to 50 thousands. Factors such as the expanse of Roudbâr, its geographic characteristics and existence of Sepidroud River have caused differences among various types of dialects, including Tatic dialect of Roudbâr. Such differences make the dialects noticeably distinctive in grammar and lexis. The essay identifies hiatus and its changes in Juboni dialect, as a branch of Tatic dialect of Roudbar, and indicates that the consonants hiatus which are used in Juboni dialect upon grammatical and lexical necessities are “j, y, n, k, h, g, r”, among which “j” and “r” are also used between two neighboring vowels in verbal prefixes. It is notable that the consonant hiatus “r” has been mostly neglected by the researchers.