نشریه مطالعات نقد زبانی و ادبی
پیاپی 3 (زمستان 1396)

Analysing literary works through new perspectives leads to understanding unknown aspects of such works.Interdciciplinary studies show that a comprehensive understanding of human life will bepossible only through dialogue between all intellectual traditions. The stories in One Thousands and OneNight are among the most important and sweetest oriental tales. However, so far they have not been taken into full consideration as well as they deserve. The psychoanalytic study of “Tale of the Hashish Eater” based on Jacques Lacan’s theoriescan open new gates to hidden meanings about human psyche in One Thousand and One Night. In this article, firstly, the theoretical foundations of Lacan's views and his ideas about mental development are briefly presented. Then the concepts of imaginary stage, ego and mirror stage in “Tale of the Hashish Eater”have been analyzed. The study concludes that the story is based on human’s defeat in developing the symbolic stage and a consequent return to the imaginary stage.

This paper investigates a theoretical category in art and literature called Grotesque. As a literary and artistic style, Grotesque is in a fundamental contrast with the conventional concept of beauty and goodness; perhaps its beauty is in its uglinesss, its charmin its disgustingness or even it might be that its artistic literacy is in its feature of being imbalanced and daunting. During the last centuries, little attention has been paid to this subject. However, it has been widely dealt with in the twentieth century by theorists such as Mikhail Bakhtin.
In addition to examining critics’ view on the subject of Grotesque, this article reviews the definitions and theoretical explanations around the grotesque and deals with the two main approaches which have been proposd for this artistic literary category. Next, the elements, goals, and functions of grotesque, especially the ones in Philip Thompson's view, have been examined. Finally, elements of grotesque in Mourners of Bayal by GholamHosseinSa'edi, a contemporary writer, will be studied.

The present articleanalyzes the perceptions andthe role of conceptual metaphors of time in six sonnets by Shakespeare. By introducing and analyzing the nature and functions of the conceptual metaphor of time and its related conceptual mappings, as used in these poems, this research addresses the structure of the theory of metaphordeveloped byLakoff. At first, a detailed account of the metaphors of time in Shakespeare’s sonnets is provided. This study finds that the metaphorical structure of fundamental concepts is consistent with the most fundamental values embodied deepseated in a culture. This overlapping of Time as An Agent causes metaphors to be divided into two groups: the metaphors whereTime is An Artist, and those in which Time is ARival, and thereafter, Shakespeare’s proposed means to withstand the seemingly contradictory humancharacteristics.The structure developed determines how to adapt to the cultural environment based on the systematicity of the mind so that it overcomes the different communication barriers and is able to complete processing of data transmitted through the medium in which the receiver (the addressee) is able to decode the message and provide feedback to the sender (narrator), and this is a document on the efficiency of communication in itself.On the other hand, due to the central role of time in the mental and cultural structure, it can be considered as one of the fundamental aspects of culture and communication.

Contemporary psychology emphasizes the principle that underestimating oneself will lead to the person’s negligence; the person will consider themselves to be shiftless and maladroit, and the habit of underestimating themselves will develop in their mind. People with such views and thoughts cannot make the most of their abilities and experiences. They will look for transient kinds of pleasure in order to reach their short-term goals and such delusive outlook will cause them problems which will influence their whole lives. Molavī, a great Iranian poet and mystic, has presented an exact paradigm of pure human nature and identity, dealing with logical and illogical principles of manners in his works which belong to centuries before science of psychology was formed.
Albert Ellis believes that human causes disturbance and deprives oneself from benefiting from a calm life by their own thoughts and attitude toward their surroundings. He thinks that human intrinsically has biological, exceptional and powerful tendencies to think and act in a specific way which might be logical or illogical. However, in his opinion, human has an intense readiness for illogical and irrational thinking. This article analyzes two anecdotes from Molavī’s Masnavi, using Albert Ellis’s ideas.

Language and social dimensions are considered to be factors in cognitive development and culture provides the symbolic ways of the process of development. Cultural identities and their stability are shaped in the contextof history and "language". As a result, social coherence and collective identity are inevitably dependent on language and variations in historical conditions unavoidably lead to changes in cultural and linguistic identities. In studying the recognition of language structure, schools such asinneism (Chomsky), constructivism (Vygotsky), behaviorism (Skinner), and cognitive constructivism (Piaget) stand out. Each school tries to figure out the function of language structure in accordance withinner, cognitive and social interactions of an individual. Just as Vygotsky relates the development of language to social phenomena and social system, Piaget relates the formation of language to different stages of a child’s mental development and considers intelligence and sensory-motor activities to be prerequisites for access to a language. From this viewpoint, on the one hand, the evolution of mind and intelligence helps the comprehension of the issue and essence of language and on the other hand, language structure is combined with thought structure and language gets an inner form. In other words, language phenomenon relates to mental and social structures and forms its behavior conforming to internal and external elements.

Gender differences are of great importance in issues associated with language use. Most scholars agree that there is considerable difference in style of using language between male and female writers. The present study aims to assess gender differences from the viewpoint of syntactic style. Style refers to the selection of a specific manner for applying language to be able to pragmatically produce the desired effects. This article intends to examine whether syntactic categories differ between male and femalewriters. For that matter, two works have been investigated: SiminDaneshvar’sSavushun and Jalal Al-e-Ahmad’s Setâr. Systematic random sampling has been applied to select 10 pages from each book have been selected through systematic random sampling and various syntactic elements in each work have been extracted and analyzed. Considering the findings, it can be said that Daneshvar uses more sentences; furthermore, her sentences are simpler and shorter. In both texts, the frequency of declarative, interrogative and emotional sentences has been the same, while more imperative sentences have been observed in Daneshvar’s book. The application of compound-complex, kernel and subordinate sentences has been similar too.However,Daneshvar has omitted verbs and subjects more than Al-e-Ahmad. Examining both novels, a conclusion that can be drawn is that syntactic violations, and simple and short sentences are mostly seen in the female writer’s book, while more grammatical and systematic sentences are observed in the male writer’s book.

Dialectology is branch of applied linguistics which examines the scientific methods and techniques for linguistic studies. “Lashani”dialect is a branch of “Lori” dialect, which itself is one of the dialects common in southwest of Iran and in Fars province, specifically in Arsanjan city, where the majority of people speak the dialect. This article investigates “pronouns” as elements of a language and identifies types of pronouns in Lashani dialect. Types of pronounsin Lashani dialect areexamined, analyzed, described and compared to pronouns in standard Persian language by means of library and field research methods and through interviewing the elderly speakers of the dialect.The results show that, although the construction and application of pronouns in Lashani dialect are almost the same as standard Persian, there are minor differences: some pronouns have differences in their phonemes, especially in the deletion of "n" which can be due to the rule of thumb. The most important difference observed is in theplural suffix pronouns. In such pronouns, plural “n” is removed from the word and when such pronouns are used in a word ending with consonants “m” and “n”, such consonants are doubled.