نشریه فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی
سال دهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

 Purpose

Competitive sports are a stress factor to change the immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a futsal match on the responses of mucosal immunity in female futsal players.

Nine futsal players from one teams of the premier league female futsal in Iran with a mean age of 25± 2 years, BMI 21.03 ± 1.30 kg.m-2, VO2max 47.32 ± 1.62 ml.kg-1.min-1 participated in this study. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected before, after, 24 h and 48 h post- matchfor salivary IgA concentration (s-IgA), IgA secretion rate (SIgA), S-IgA/Protein ratio, cortisone and alpha amylase measurement. In order to analyze the data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures with Bonferroni as appropriate at (P<0.05) was used.

Subsequent the match, saliva flow rate, s-IgA, SIgA and s-IgA / Pro ratio decreased (P<0.05) and come back to rest level after 24 hours recovery. Cortisol, alpha amylase and total protein increased significantly post match (P<0.05).

An official futsal match may have adverse effects on female mucosal immunity due to SIgA diminish and therefore susceptible to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), although further investigations are needed.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Tai Chi training on TNF-α, BDNF serum levels and cognitive and physical function in women with stroke.

20 women in Qom city with stroke (mean age: 65.80±3.55y, weight: 68.41±14.00 kg and body mass index: 26.33± 5.15kg.m2) voluntarily were divided randomly into Tai Chi group (10 patients) and control group (10 patients). Serum BDNF and TNF-α were analyzed by using an ELISA kits in pretest and post-test. Cognitive function were assessed by the Mini- Mental State Examination (MMSE). Also pretest and post-test measurements were recorded for the timed upand- go test. Tai Chi group trained 6 weeks, three times per week for 60 minutes (consisted of a 10-minutes warm-up period, 40-minutes simplified Tai Chi exercises performed, and a 10- minutes cool-down period). Data were analyzed using the independent samples t-test and paired samples t-test.

Tai Chi group showed a significant improvement in serum TNF-α and dynamic balance (p≤0.05). Despite the increase in serum BDNF and improvement cognitive function, no significant differences were observed between the two groups.

Therefore the findings of this study suggest that Tai Chi training as a low intensity and simple training can improve women balance and inflammatory status with stroke.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of resistance training on serum levels of GLP-1, DPP-4 and insulin resistance in obese men.

20 obese men (age 29.76±2.01 years, height 1.79±0.07m, weight 108/24±5/69 kg, BMI 33/49±1/18kg/square meters) randomly divided into resistance training and control groups. The resistance training consisted of 6 stations with 55-75% of one repetition maximum, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Blood samples was collected in two phases, before and after 8 weeks  measures at P≤0.05.

The results showed that serum levels of GLP-1 in training group significantly increased in comparison with the group control (P=0.027). Serum levels of Glucose and DPP-4 in training
group were significantly decreased compared with the control group (P = 0.019 and P = 0.003). But insulin resistance in training group did not change in comparison with the control group (P = 0.49).

Probably Protocol of resistance training due to in a significant increase in GLP-1 and significantly reduced in DPP-4 and these changes is Accompanied with reducing appetite and the regulation of glucose metabolism in obese men, but probably either had no significant effect on insulin resistance or more time of resistance training requires to see a significant difference in the parameter.

Recently Sentija et al. have validated and introduced a fast running exhaustive test (Tfast) for determination of heart rate deflection point (HRDP). However, the proposed test is not according to the recommended standards in the literature. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the agreement between the HRDP determined by the Tfast and the maximal lactate steady state model (MLSS).

Eleven young wrestler men underwent on subsequent occasions of a series of constant-velocity treadmill runs to determine MLSS. Heart rate data was obtained during the Tfast [speed increments of 1 km/h every 30 s] by using telemetry and HRDP was determined by using the S.Dmax model. Inter-observer reliability was analyzed using Bland-Altman plots and by determination of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).

The results indicated poor agreement between HRDP and HR of the criterion method (HRMLSS) (±1.96; 95% CI= -9.7 to +18.8 b/min; ICC= -0.09). Furthermore, poor agreement was observed between speed at HRDP (SpeedHRDP) and speed of the criterion method (SpeedMLSS) (±1.96; 95% CI= -2.3 to +3.9 km/h; ICC= 0.40).

According to the results it is concluded that the proposed protocol (Tfast) by Sentija et al cannot be used as a reliable method instead criterion method (MLSS). Therefore the Tfast is not recommended for efficient running intensity prescription.

Over eight year war against Iraq, more than 50 thousand had been affected to eye, skin and pulmonary problems as chemical victims. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of regular exercise training program on activity of daily living (ADL) in chemical victims.

two groups of chemical victims contains 50 training and 50 controls were studied. Then training group did regular exercise training program contains 16 weeks, 3 session per week 30 – 60 recreational, noncompetitive exercises. After16 weeks both groups were tested again. U AN WITTNY test was used to compare means (p˂0.05).

There were significant difference in bowel control (p=0.001), bladder control (p=0.045) and the ability of stairs climbing (p=0.000) that were better in training group.

The study revealed that exercise training program accompanied with better activity of daily living in chemical victims

The aim of this research was investigation the effect of twelve week aerobic exercise with moderate intensity on BDNF, and short-term memory in 50-65 years old women with syndrome metabolic.

24 women with metabolic syndrome (MetS) took part voluntarily and divided in tow group MetS exercise (ME), MetS control (MC). ME group participated in an aerobic exercise training (AT) program (12 weeks), tree session per week, each session contain tree performing part and tow rest part. Also blood samples were conducted before and after training for evaluate levels of BDNF. Short-term memory measured by Digit span memory test. BDNF level was measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using Pearson coefficient, pried-sample T-Test, and independent samples T-Test.

BDNF and short-term memory after twelve weeks aerobic exercise significantly changed (P˃0.05). BDNF and short-term memory after twelve weeks in control group didn’t significantly change (P<0.05).

These findings indicate that tree month aerobic exercises induce to increase BDNF levels and ameliorate short-term memory score.

 Purpose

Based on controversies about the effects of resistance training on hemorheological parameters associated with cardiovascular disease, this study was carried out to determine the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training (hypertrophy and maximal strength) on hemorheological parameters in healthy inactive men.

Thirty nine collegiate men (18-20 years) were randomly divided into three groups: control (n =12), hypertrophy (n =13) and strength (n =13) training groups. Training groups participated in 12 weeks of resistance training (3 sessions / week, 6 stations / session and 3 times per station). Hypertrophy and maximal strength resistance training were performed at 65-70% and 80-85% of one repetition maximum, respectively. Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the training period and were analyzed for measuring the hemorheological variables. Hemorheological data were analyzed by using the independent one-way ANOVA.

The
significant reductions in total protein, plasma viscosity and aggregation of red blood cells in inactive men were found after 12 weeks of hypertrophy and maximal resistance training (P <0.05). Whereas, the deformability of red blood cells increased significantly in both resistance training groups (P<0.05). The reductions in the plasma viscosity was significantly higher in the hypertrophy training group than the strength training group (P <0.05). Moreover, a significant reduction in blood viscosity was only observed in the hypertrophy group (P <0.05).

Based on the findings of the present study it could be concluded that both hypertrophy and strength resistance training affect on rheological characteristics of red blood cells similarly, though, the hypertrophy resistance training results in more improvements in blood and plasma viscosity and eventually blood fluidity. Therefore, healthy inactive men can participate in resistance training to achieve benefits from these training without any concern and adverse changes in hemorheological parameters associated with thrombosis

 Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the acute effect of HMB and Creatine supplementation on the oxidant and antioxidant indices on trained men after resistance exercise.

10 active men with a mean age of 20±1.15 years, height: 172.2±4.82 cm, weight: 70.9±9.66 kg and body mass index: 24.04±2.44 kg/m2 was purposefully selected and then in a crossover clinical trial design was randomly divided into 4 groups. Resistance exercises including bench press, leg extensions, barbell curl, triceps extension, shoulder press and lat pull down were carried out at 80% 1RM. Prior to each resistance exercise session, subjects were randomized to Creatine, Creatine+HMB, HMB or placebo loading for 5 days. One-week washout was considered between supplementation periods. A day after the completion of each supplementation courses, blood samples were taken in the fasting state (both pre-exercise and immediately post exercise) to evaluate the
effect of supplementation on current research variables.

The results using ANOVA with repeated measurements showed that ingestion of creatine, HMB, or combined supplements has no effect on the serum levels of uric acid, bilirubin, malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase.

Overall, the present research findings suggest that short term (5 days) creatine, HMB and combined Cr + HMB has no effect on the oxidant and antioxidant variations following acute resistance exercise

Diabetes mellitus and chronic inflammation are strongly related to increase cardiovascular risk. It is well documented that diabetic patients are 2-4 times more likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases than healthy individuals. The study aimed to determine the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on fat mass and inflammatory factors in overweight women with type 2 diabetes.

twenty patients with
type 2 diabetes were assigned to control and exercise group. Exercise group performed HIIT (running on treadmill) 6 weeks (3 session/week). Blood samples were collected before first session and 24 hours after the last exercise session and used for measurement by ELISA methods.

The results of independent t-test of groups showed significantly decrease in fat mass and TNFα levels in exercise group compared with control group (p <0.05) whereas IL-6 reduction was not statistically significant.

The results of this study showed that HIIT can be a key factor in decreasing of fat mass and inflammatory factors in overweight women with type 2 diabetes.

The aim of this study was to see the effect of 7 sessions of circuit resistance exercise in consecutive days on plasma fibrinogen and viscosity, and some platelet parameters of young female students.

Twenty volunteer female students in luteal phase of the menstrual cycle were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. Experimental group were performed a circuit resistance exercise including 10 nonstop exercise with 60% one repeat maximum in 4 round (20s for each exercise, and 3 min for between round rest). Each session was took 32-40 min with warm up and cool down. Blood sampling was taken 24h before and after first and seventh session of training respectively in 12h overnight fast condition to assay plasma fibrinogen, platelet counts (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and platelet large cell rate (PLC-R). Plasma viscosity was calculated.

Plasma fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, PLT, MPV, and PLC-R elevated significantly affected by 7 consecutive sessions of circuit resistance training; but PDW didn’t change significantly.

Circuit resistance training increased haematological and rheological plasma parameters of coagulation that could possibly affect the long-term cardiovascular health. So, female students must use the between sessions rest for appropriate recovery from circuit resistance exercise. It could be useful for short term adaptation.