فصلنامه ایمنی زیستی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (زمستان 1393)

With increasing human population and trying to supply his basic needs, today more than over the past, use to various organic material to keep food, energy supply and collate to pests. this material entry to nature and caused environmental pollution. some of these material easily and with time, decomposed by microorganism in the environment and its toxicity is reduced. but the compounds with complex structure are not decomposed by microorganism in the environment and accumulate over time. if the conditions will be provided to help microorganism that can perform complex organic compounds bioremediation, environmental pollution can be prevented to some extent. use of ultrasound, one the most effective methods that are used to decompose complex organic compounds. In this paper, citing previous research on effect of ultrasound wave in decomposed complex organic compound and emphasis to the positive effect on microorganisms, method of the application ultrasound wave with bioremediation Is desired.

The Government oblige to supporting and protecting the sea environmental. Governments shall take all appropriate measures. Prevent, reduce or control pollution caused by maritime activities is in jurisdiction of the coastal State. The coastal State with the adoption of the necessary laws on environmental pollution prevention, reduction or control of the sea environment and illegal fishing live resources caused by or in connection with the activities of foreign ships in areas under its sovereignty claim. Responsibility for violation of the laws and regulations of the coastal State and compensation for losses caused by environmental pollution and illegal fishing environment of live it resources from the flag State. It is the responsibility of flag State because of the activities of their vessels in the territorial sea of the coastal State or the high seas, which is under his control and supervision.

Identifying potential impacts of anticipated changes in climate on food safety and their control at all stages of the food chain is a very important issue. The purpose is to raise awareness of the issue and to facilitate international cooperation in better understanding the changing food safety situation and in developing and implementing strategies to address them. Agents of food-borne disease include: zoonotic diseases, mycotoxin contamination, biotoxins in fishery products and environmental contaminants are important. The paper also highlights the need for adequate attention to food safety in ensuring preparedness for effective management of emergency situations arising from extreme weather events. There is much uncertainty about possible food safety implications of climate change. This paper discusses some expected effects that are supported by data; it also considers other issues that are largely speculative.

Heavy metal pollution is a major environmental concern. Heavy metals do not decompose in the environment and can influence living of animals, plants and human. Nowadays, many different methods are for the recovery and removal of heavy metals from wastewater and environment. Adsorption process is one of the most widely used methods for the removal of heavy metals. Various adsorbents are used in this process. Eggshells are one of the household and industrial wastes which are produced in large amounts during the year. In this reviewed study, extraction of the carbonate hydroxy apatite from eggshell and its ability to retrieve and remove heavy metals (cadmium, copper and lead) has been investigated.

Leptospirosis is an infectious contagious disease and one of the most common diseases and expanded between humans and animals. It has a period of acute, sub-acute and chronic. But the nature of this disease is under the clinical features. A half-century ago it was identified in our country and various reports of the outbreak has been published in a variety of domestic animals. In some sources is mentioned of leptospirosis, a disease vector range. Several studies conducted in recent years in Iran indicate an increase in population and diversity of serotypes of the 8 serotype to serotype 12. Based on the findings and conclusions of this disease can be detected on carcasses at slaughter. The diagnosis is based on laboratory results and autopsy wastes. In total of leptospirosis losses of heavy in cattle by anemia, jaundice, gastrointestinal disorders, fever syndrome, abortion, mastitis, and decreased milk production and livestock per year. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the new look Leptospirosis and is closer to the fans.

This study aimed to compare the virulence of Aspergillus toxins sircumdate sector in the north of the most important habitats and the habitats of many food products was conducte. samples of cultivation and processing centers in three geographic regions east gilan, mazandaran and gilan west collected. And in particular contexts and standardized (ICPA) chapk deux agar, chapk intended extract agar (with and without 20 % sucrose), malt extract agar agar and chapk deux (with and without 20 % sucrose) were isolated and identified. the species Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus umigatus, Aspergillus alliaceus, Aspergillus wentii, Aspergillus niveus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus alliaceus, obtained by measuring the toxin job to another special substrates were cultured , then, cell extracts were prepared, the size of aflatoxin in the extracts was determined by direct competitive ELISA, 57 extracts obtained of toxin -producing strains of the 27 cases of air fields and 30 of the air processing factories were on two occasions by both ELISA kit by brand Ridascreen and AgraQuant were assessed . Aflatoxin levels measured farms and factories in east gilan the rest are more places.

Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have acquired various functions in plant and animal’s development. These riboregulators moderate the growth and development through regulation of other genes at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational levels. Basically, these genes act through DNA regulation levels like methylation, conversion of euchromatin to heterochromatin and at other levels they act through mRNA target cleavage or inhibition of translation. RNA interference is a sequence-specific gene silencing phenomenon in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can trigger gene transcriptional and posttranscriptional silencing. Given the critical role of these molecules in biological systems, understanding the mechanism of gene silencing in cells can be very helpful in theoretical and practical aspects. In addition, application of these molecules in genetics and specific drug design is highly dependent on binformatics. This review provides a basic explanation of miRNA bioinformatics and their therapeutic challenges. Bioinformatics progress in the development of computational methods to analyze and discover small RNA Noncoding in oncology using high throughput sequencing technologies has been demonstrated. Interfering RNA recognition and awareness of their performance and the identification of the target requires the use of bioinformatics. Access to methods for identification, design and delivery of interfering RNA, can be promising for Development of next-generation drugs in the near future.

Gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of incurable diseases, including cancer and genetic defects. The major problem limiting the effectiveness of this method within the organism is the difficulty in transporting vulnerable and negatively charged DNA macromolecules into the cell nucleus, in which risks the biosafety aspects of gene therapy. The major key to successful gene therapy is developing safe and efficient tools for carrying the genetic material. Due to their high efficiency in transferring the genetic material, viral vectors are among the most commonly used vectors in gene therapy; however, they can spark dangerous immune responses in the body of the living organisms. Currently, researchers are trying to develop cheaper and safer alternatives. In this paper, the pathways and gene transfer techniques, along with their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed for the means of gene therapy. Furthermore, the latest reforms necessary for the improvement of each method are mentioned.

Antibiotics are valuable components that are being used for human health globally. Fungi, bacteria are such important antibiotic producers. At the recent survey we have collected the DNA sequences of several fungal genera, penicillin antibiotic related genes (penDE, pcbC, pcbAB) from databanks and clustered by MEGA5 software. A sequence comparison represents considerable similarities and differences at several levels, it could be considered as placement of each gene at different clade, sequence similaritiesbetween Penicillium and Aspergillus genera andbetween A. flavus and A. oryzae and also P. chrysogenum and P. nalgiovence. According to the importance of the antibiotics specially penicillin, it seems these similarities and differences could be a best candidate for the subsequent bioinformatics researches.

Sustainable production of transgenes in human cells can be combined of both viral and non-viral methods for gene therapy. Efficient transfection into primary cells is proposed by recombinant virus technology; even though provided by reports of successful treatment, it still has a lot of disadvantages. As of today, the use of plasmids can be a viable alternative to viral vectors for its reduced costs, low immunogenicity, and effective insertion. In the past decades, Sleeping Beauty transposons (SB) have been developed as a non-viral vector system for gene therapy, with the shared benefits of both vectors and naked DNA. The SB system has been successfully used in human T cells for generating specific chimeric antigen receptors (CAR). This article is aimed to introduce transposon technology for a safe genetransfer into human cells with the emphasis on SB systems. Moreover, viral and non-viral gene transfer systems are described by considering both the advantages and disadvantages.