فصلنامه ایمنی زیستی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (بهار 1393)

Biopolymers are biological macromolecules that large and small subunits that bind covalently to the same are connected by a long chain of cause and they are built. Because of the biopolymers are produced naturally of the living organisms such as plants, animals and microorganisms therefor are biodegradable, they are very good. biopolymers have been developed in various forms, therefor have capacity to use in various industries. In order to use biopolymers in industry to commercialization the production process and optimize its production. Regard to the main role a well bioreactor, providing a controlled environment in order to achieve optimal conditions for growth or production type of Bioreactor also affects the production of biopolymers. In this study, an overview of the biopolymers and various bioreactor and have been investigated suitable bioreactor for the production of microbial biopolymers.

Cell therapy is one of the most principle and promising science in relation to treatment of many diseases. By attention to unique capability of stem cells, these cells can be for treatment as a valuable source in science and medical researches. However, there are a lot of problems in relation with use of embryonic stem cells, which has limited their use. Thus, requirement to find an alternative technique to produce these cells, is one of the most important concerns of scientists to improve and use of this science. Induced pluripotent stem cells, is one of these technologies. Different methods which have the ability of altering gene expression profile and cell proteins, cause to change cell morphology and function in reverse way to undifferentiated cells and generation of stem cells, are developing. These methods include nuclear transfer, use of cell extract and synthetic molecules, forced expression of defined genes and change in cytoplasmic levels. Nowadays, there are development in nonintegration ways, but about increasing efficiency of these methods, many researches are ongoing. In this article techniques, advantages and ahead opportunities in generation of ips cells are examined.

This study assessed the role of single-walled carbon nanotubes as carriers of anticancer drug. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) have the most effective role in drug delivery in cancer patients because of the unique physical and chemical structure and low toxicity. based on our investigation of the consolidated data on the influence of SWCNT in patient between 2009 to 2012, it can be concluded that Side effects of drugs is reduced dramatically in chemotherapy when they are supplied with the carriers to cancer cells.

In recent years, our country has drawn an increasing amount of attention to medicinal plants. Because different plant species Savory inappropriate harvesting of natural areas by humans, and the growing threat of biotic and abiotic stresses following the work resulted in reduced genetic diversity of a species is, a species of genetically keep reserves Curb upper's. Seed storage techniques using ultracold temperatures is one way of maintaining germplasm habitat conditions are outside, you can seed a long time, with much less cost and without loss of viability on storage. Using seed cryopreservation, as one of the Ex situ plant germplasm conservation method we can store seed for long-term, with much lower expenses and without losing seed viability. In order to preserve Satureja spicigera seed under -196ºC condition, three pre-cryopreservation treatments, PVS2 solution, Desiccation and Glycerol were applied. The treated seeds were transferred into Liquid Nitrogen (LN) and stored for 7, 30 and 90 days respectively. In this study the effect of cryopreservation on germination and growth indices (germination percent, germination rate, seed vigour index, plantlet length on orthodox seeds of plant species (Satureja spicigera) in storage conditions of cryopreservation (-196ºC) were evaluated for 7, 30 and 90 days. Comparing treatments, significant differences were observed on germination indices and germination rate. The results showed that, the long-term preservation of the species, seed in -196 ºC using suitable precryopreservation treatment is possible.

Throughout the history of mankind, microorganisms have been of enormous social and economic importance and they were used in various food and beverage production. In the course of time, it was found that microorganisms could modify certain compounds by simple, chemically well-defined reactions, which were further catalyzed by enzymes that these processes are called “biotransformation”. Biotransformation carried out by biocatalysts including whole cell or isolated enzymes. The advantages of using biocatalysts are high purity of product, minimal side reactions and operation at mild conditions. Biotransformation is used in several applications such as natural flavor production, detoxification of toxic component such as aflatoxin and bioconversion of some ingredients to their active forms. One of major application of biotransformation is biotechnological production of some product that often synthesized chemically. Production of these by biotechnological methods can be a proper answer to consumer demand about natural product and green process.

Plants has faced to environmental stresses during their life cycle and evolved several mechanisms to adapt them in molecular levels. Due these mechanisms, they can response to environment when receiving external signals. The pathways regulating by Abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene, as well as ROS, has crucial roles in crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stresses. ABA involved in abiotic stress such as drought, low temperature and osmotic stress. There are common components between ABA and biotic stress signal transduction. Also, epidermal tissues including cuticle and stomata are convergent points of several stresses and act as the first defense site. Transcription factors and kinases are common between stress signal transductions pathways. Protein kinase cascades (MAPK/MPK) are conserved regulators in several processes like differentiation, division, growth and death. They have important roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses and ROS signal transduction. Ca2+-regulating proteins (e.g. calmodulin), Ca2+- dependent protein kinases, Ca2+- regulating phosphatases and serin/theronin phosphatase act in crosstalk between signal transduction pathways. Several families of transcription factors (such as zinc finger, MYB, MYC, NAC, ERF/AP2) also have key roles in these pathways.

Ship in international law based on its physical body has not responsibility. Responsibility of his activities attaches to the flag State. Ship replace to responsibility giving, oblige to adherence the regulations of the flag State, coastal State and international fishery activities. Flag State replace to this obligation also for the authority his international obligations apply his competence in the field of the security of ships, the environmental conservation and protection and the prevention and combating unauthorized fishing.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among woman and is the first factor that cause of cancer death in the United states. According to world Health Organization (WHO) statistics. every 8 to 10 woman, a Person is infected with breast cancer. Articles found that the mean age of patients in western countries and in more than 55 years 10 years down the more. Based on global statistics, breast cancer is a genetic disorder inherited by approximatery 5 to 10 percent of all breast cancer are included, so far two types of gene Transfer in breast cancer known as BRCA1 and known BRCA2. Diagnosed BRCA1 gene in approximatery 50 percentage of households with the advent of early breast cancer and 80 percent of families with early appearance of cancer BRCA2 mutations in breast and ovarian percent of breast cancer cases are. include age,sex,history of familial,genetic factors,hormonal factors and more. Fortunately breast cancer was significantly protective other than another cancer. This lead to increase maintenance. reduce mortality improve quality of life of patients.

Multiple sclerosis (MS), is characterized as an inflammatory demyelinating disease that the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. Between genetic factors, differences in a group of genes on chromosome 6 that characterized as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been repeatedly confirmed to be associated with multiple sclerosis. Cytokine IL-7 is a 25– kDaglycoprotein that has an important role in Lymphopoiesis. Interleukin VII receptor gene has been identified to be associated with multiple sclerosis, so its assessment is important Polymorphisms (single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)) in a number of non-HLA genes such as interleukin-7 receptor-α (IL-7Rα)/IL-7 pathway is associated with an increased risk to develop multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study we aimed to investgate the role of interleukin-7 receptor-α (IL-7Rα)/IL-7 as a risk factor for incidence of Multiple sclerosis.