فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، بهار 1398)

The conservation of industrial heritage, gradually ingrained in our current urban fabric, is of the highest importance due to the containing valuable information about the science and technology of its time, and its architectural characteristics are not only of aesthetic value but also forms a part of urban identity. The objective of this article is to propose an effective process for analyzing the architectural traits of industrial heritage with the application of the hybrid methods of typology and analytical shape grammar. The article paradigm is emancipatory research, following a descriptive- analytical methodology and with library studies, it firstly studies the theoretical foundation relating to the methods of architectural analyses. Then with the typology method, it determines the sub-criterion for analyzing the case studies, among the Isfahan and Yazd textile factories of Pahlavi dynasty. Finally, the generative and constructive rules of case studies are extracted with the analytical shape grammar method. This research achievement, in addition to the architectural analyses of case studies, is the representation of a process of hybrid methods providing the means of recognition and succinct qualitativequantitative analyses of industrial heritage. This process can be applied in procedural modeling, and historic building information modeling, and also provides an appropriate context of future research in computational methods of evaluating industrial heritage.

The city entrances are the first space that inspire entry into each city and should represent the physical, cultural, social, and historical features of the city and have an effective role in redefining the features of the city from a variety of aspects. Today, the entrance of cities has become to turbulent surroundings with incompatible uses with the urban environment, and its perceptual and environmental quality have fallen sharply since ancient times, and it does not meet expectations of the entrance of cities as a legible, consistent, identity creator, and memorable space. However, attention to the industrial heritage located in the hierarchy of the main entrance of most cities can play an important role in understanding the values, important historical, cultural, and economic dimensions of the region, especially its architectural identity, and enhance the qualitative features of these entrances. This research is an attempt to bring about the creation of an appropriate quality space at the entry of cities by recounting and paying attention to this important space and identity that has long been neglected. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical. In the process of research, the entrances of Hamedan based on the role of industrial heritage (brick burners) in improving the qualitative characteristics (functional, aesthetic, and environmental) of the hierarchy of these areas are separated. The results show that this valuable industrial heritage plays an effective and indisputable role in the identity of Hamedan, and the more we move from the external domain of the entrance to the inner sphere, the greater the effect of this legacy will be.

The industrial architectural heritage is the result of the interaction of culture and industry that nowadays due to the unique identity and values of industrial heritage and with the industries outflow from urban areas have turned into unused areas requiring adaptive reuse. Besides, their similarity to other forms of architectural heritage, industrial buildings have unique components such as special scales, the great mass of materials and indelicacy of space, each of them brings some forces in recognition and designing the project and appearing as new limitations and opportunities for designers. Nowadays, the reuse through retooling interventions is not systematic and is regarded as one of the most important necessities for development and reconstruction in urban industrial areas. Therefore, drawing up and synthesis of various theories on the subject shall be done within a developed framework based on maintenance of the sense of place and the possibility of reviewing the authentic visual character of the building which requires reviewing and identification of valid theories and documents presented so far to create adaptation of new conditions and the authentic building in relation with its environment. Indeed, in addition to conservation, it leads to emergence of time and creativity in parallel with the achievement of sustainable conditions. Retooling the heritage buildings include certain components that should be analyzed in an integrated and comprehensive ways at three levels of architecture, infrastructure and structure before beginning of interventions and without undesirable effect on the authenticity of environment and architecture. All these items are the main pre-intervention necessities and in the present research it is tried to make logical and comprehensive relation to create new conditions for functional updating of the areas with industrial, although depreciated, identity. The present research is qualitative, which using the strategy of logical reasoning for the developing of conceptual framework leads to recognition of effective components in the retooling process of industrial architectural heritage; components that are simultaneously influenced by adaptive reuse strategy in historical buildings.

Due to repeated earthquakes and the political events of Iran, significant changes are seen in the urban areas of Tabriz during the first Pahlavi period. Along with the introduction of new construction technologies and creation of new structures and their governing ideas, industrial and factory architecture was formed. Due to neighborhood with the Russian and Ottoman states and the presence of German and Polish engineers, Tabriz underwent the formation of industrial buildings in various parts of the city. The present study aimed at recognizing the architectural pattern of industrial factory in Tabriz during the first Pahlavi period. Hence, it sought to answer the following question: What is the architectural pattern of the factories in Tabriz and its potential values and capabilities in Pahlavi era?, The research methodology is a combination of field study, historical-interpretative, and analytical-descriptive methods. The data collection is based on library resources and it is founded on researchers’ analysis and inference; in terms of purpose and application of results, this study is categorized as applied research. The sample included Tabriz Hide Production Factory, Khosravi Leather Factory, Haj Abolghasem Javan, and Pashmineh Tabriz Factory. The results of the study indicated that the architectural pattern of Pahlavi’s industrial factories is simple and without complexity and has similar characteristics, such as quadrangular plans, brick facades with brick frames, gable roofs, using wooden and metal truss as well as a load-bearing wall with barrel-vault, using stringcourse and brick decoration in the facades.

The transition from Pre-industrialization to industrialization in the late nineteenth century and after that post-industrial period in the late 1980s caused the most significant changes in urban design. As environmental awareness intensified, industrial complexes lost their livelihood in the inner cities and left abandoned spaces. At the same time, the remains of the industrial era were considered valuable and preserved as the “industrial heritage”. Therefore, what initially seemed to be a threat, turn into an opportunity. Industrial building features are opportunities for change. Industrial heritage reuse, while preserving the heritage and socio-cultural values will result in economic and environmental sustainability. In particular, the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage leads to advantages in terms of efficiency, embodied energy and also consistency with sustainability, which the present article seeks to highlight. For this aim, qualitative and descriptive research based on logical argumentation has been done with the method of reviewing related books, articles, documents and charters. According to the result, improvement intervention to increase the energy efficiency in the first step and then adaptive reuse due to the adaptability of industrial buildings lead to the reuse of the embodied energy and reducing the carbon emissions.

Some semi-closed or completely abandoned big sites found in cities which caused several urban problems in the vicinity of urban residential areas such as Environmental issues and visual pollutions of urban landscapes. Today Reclamation of this group of all kinds of urban landscapes with regard to their historical, identities and industrial heritage values is the major goal of planners, designers, and Landscape Architects. This article also emphasizes on this main goal.
The main issue of this research is how to reclaim post-industrial landscapes with the feature of enhancing the pleasant components as an effective factor in improving the quality of the place. Toward this goal by means of the analytical-descriptive research method and by using library and field research methods for data collection (i.e. interview with the expert elites) and international declarations of ICCOMOS and TICCIH, we extract the concepts relevant to postindustrial Landscapes and the factors influencing the sense of Pleasure on citizens.
The proper recognition of the approaches and policies of reclamation of post-industrial sites, along with the proper use of the potential of post-industrial landscapes to increase citizens’ sense of pleasure, are the most important findings of this paper.
The results of this essay are macro policies which can lead to sustaining Pleasure in citizens at the reclamation of post-industrial landscape process. To narrow the subject, the mentioned policies were evaluated through asking elite interviewees. Finally, a comprehensive model is presented in order to Reclamation of post-industrial landscapes with an aim of improving Pleasure in urban landscapes.

Environmental sustainability is one of the crucial issues considered by practitioners of environment conservation. One of the major factors which affect the environment is land use management. Consequently, adaptive reuse of industrial vacant buildings has achieved great acceptance among developing countries in recent years, whereas it can provide economic, sociocultural, and ecological benefits to the environment. This research aims to identify the significance of adaptive reuse in sustainability of the environment, especially in neglected industrial areas. The aim is achieved by means of a principle-based approach: defining the meaning of adaptive reuse and its significance in a sustainable environment; then, evaluating sustainability factors among those neglected industrial buildings conserved by adaptive reuse. To gain an understanding of the issue, a “historical interpretation” research method relying on analytical- description techniques was adopted and interviews through questionnaires were conducted with a variety of professors and students. The findings indicate that the concept of environmental sustainability is considered significantly in the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage of Iran. However, ecological aspects are neglected because of the buildings having low energy efficiency and not using renewable energies in the renovation process.