مجله رهیافت های سیاسی و بین المللی
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 53، بهار 1397)

This article aims at investigating the status of Islamic Jihad in the thoughts and actions of the mystics of the Age of Ilkhans. Describing this issue requires a background presentation of the thoughts and actions of the early Sufis, from the beginning of the formation of the flow of Sufism in the context of Islamic world. From the Islamic perspective, jihad is considered the sixth pillar of religion, an assignment whose strategic importance in Islamic religion is emphasized. This topic is well described in the Jihad treatises. In the present research, this issue is examined under two streams: jihad on the borders on the one hand, and jihad with the tyranny government on the other hand. According to the present article, rather than jihad against the tyranny governments, the Sufi scholars have long been willing to engage in jihad on the border.

There has been a significant relationship between the rise and fall of the Iranian Nuclear Case and the Role-based Identity in the discourse of the dominant foreign policy. The formation of this identity, influenced by both the internal level, especially the mental constructs, individual, value, and psychological characteristics of foreign policy agents as well as on the outside level. From this perspective, the components of Ahmadinejad discourse's identity affected by internal norms and their relation with the structure of the international system, representation of the Nuclear Case in a format appropriate to its identity, and then the representation of the strategy guide for decision-making Nuclear Case. Accordingly, the primary goal of the current study is to answer this question: How the role-based identity in Ahmadinejad discourse represents Nuclear Case and strategies for making decision are advised? According to constructivism and descriptive-analytical methods, research results have shown that Nuclear Case was introduced as an ontological security issue during Ahmadinejad presidency and based on the psychological and value approach of cybernetic strategies and prospects for decision making about it.

US Congress, as a legislative pillar of democracy, has a significant impact on American foreign policy. Nevertheless, the role of the US Congress is not limited to domestic politics rather they would usually shape US foreign policy. Since the Islamic revolution, US Congress has adopted an aggressive approach towards Iran. The US legislative institution, as a domestic source of US foreign policy, has shaped US foreign policy toward Iran by imposing economic sanctions. The purpose of the research is to increase the Iranian officials’ understanding of US domestic politics. Therefore, the main question of the research is: What is the impact of US congress on American foreign policy towards Iran (2005-2017)? In order to answer the main question, the authors would use neo-classical theory. In addition to systemic factors, neoclassic realism would consider domestic factors to explain foreign policy. The findings of research suggest that the US congress has encouraged US administrations to pursue an aggressive policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran by imposing economic sanctions and by persuading the US administrations to implement them.

Six years after the Syria crisis, this conflict has turned into an international human rights disaster. I.R.Iran, which has supported the Syrian government over these years, has been facing a lot of challenges. So the understanding and explaining of Syria's position and importance to foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has become very important. In this way, given the current realities and situations in the Middle East recently, the importance of the question in the present study is that "what is the real significance of Syria for the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran?In other words, why does the Islamic Republic of Iran consider the strategic importance for relations with Syria? Following this question, some argued that Syria has a strategic regional depth for the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and claim that Iran's alliance with Syria is a deterrent to regional threats, especially against Israel. On the contrary, the opponents of this claim consider Iran's unity with Syria in a region of extreme conditions and intense regional conflicts as an exciting factor in exacerbating the threats against the Islamic Republic of Iran and, ultimately, the instability in the whole region. The present study seeks to clarify this dichotomy and to examine the dimensions and implications of Iran's strategic alliance with Syria and Iran's support for the Syrian government in its recent crisis. Getting a comprehensive and complete answer to this question that “What is the real position of Syria in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran? is one of the main goals of this research among all the various and completely contradictory views.

National resources and revenues are always one of the most important and vital tools for the development of modern government and the advancement of the state-building process in any country. However, the extent and manner of utilizing these resources by the elites and policymakers can have positive or negative consequences for national development. During the Mohammadreza shah Pahlavi’s dynasty, oil revenues found a significant place in Iran's politics and economy, and accounted for most of the government's budget and spending. By this description. The basic question of the current study is “what effect’s have the reliance of the state on oil revenues on the state-building process and, more precisely, on the nature, structure, function and capabilities of the modern state at that time? The main hypothesis of the research is that the government's dependence on oil revenues and the way these revenues are used in the development policy-making process, the state-building process in this period faced with major challenges in terms of security, institutionalization, national independence and ... .Addressing this historical issue is important because after more than half a century of dependence of development plans on oil revenues, the government in Iran has continued to deal with the harmful consequences of this decision (in the domestic and international arena) and failed It will rid itself of these challenges. To illustrate this, a combination of state-building and Rentire state theories has been used in this research.

The present research tries to analyze the policy of the ninth and tenth government in the field of political rights of citizenship, with an emphasis on political modernity, by analytical-descriptive method and with emphasis on citizenship political rights. Accordingly, the main question of this research is that the policy making of the political rights of citizens of the ninth and tenth governments in the field of political modernity can be explained? Our assumption, in response to this question, is that the policies of the ninth and tenth governments are aimed at weakening the political rights of citizenship and the expansion of mass society. The results of the survey showed that in the ninth and tenths of the government, the weakening and limitation of the political rights of citizenship led to the collapse and disintegration of the distinctions and divisions of contemporary political modernity, which resulted from the expansion of government interference, the weakening of civil society and the emergence of a kind of authoritarianism, lack of accountability and transparency of the state and finally, the deepening of the features of the mass society has become more and more.