نشریه مطالعات ساختار و کارکرد شهری
پیاپی 18 (بهار 1398)

Physical planning of cities is being prepared for the sustainable development of cities, but these plans are always faced with problems, one of these problems is the occurrence of construction violations during the execution of physical plans that change the city's image. This research has two goals, first, the construction violations and the way to deal with these violations will be examined and analyzed, In the next step, the key and affecting factors in the occurrence of construction violations will be explored. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the exploration analysis is based on the exploration of the key factors in the occurrence of constructional violations. The most important factors affected in the occurrence of construction violations were initially investigated with the views of the experts using the Delphi method (three steps) which 46 factors were selected as effective factors, In the next step, using Micmac software, 15 factors were selected as the most influential factors.  The results show that, firstly, construction violations have been 5 times higher from 1391 to 1395, and secondary the most constructional violations has been in residential applications with a value of 0.74 and the greatest deal of the municipality with constructional violations was the use of fines with a value of 0.72. Finally, the most important key factors were analyzed and evaluated. The results show that in the case of constructional violations, the four factors, namely, the municipality, laws, income, Profit Seeking and public awareness have the most impact on violations.

The network of streets as vital arteries is a central part of the structure of the urban system, which has a very effective role in helping and resilient in times of crisis. The impassability of the northern part of the region, Extremely high construction density, the existence of three major faults in the north (North Tehran fault), the central fault (Niavaran Driven) and the southern fault (Mahmodiyeh fault), and ... from the resilience perspectives have given a special place in the 1 district municipality Tehran. Therefore, the role of the streets of the region during the crisis is very important. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and promote the resilience of the road network in the 1 district against the earthquake. Therefore, in terms of purpose, including applied research and in terms of the methodology based on the evaluation approach, the method of collecting data in a documentary manner and in terms of data type is a mixed research . Based on the 21 indicators of humanity and their combined weight, in determining the status of the roads in District 1 for the time of crisis, most of the roads in the center of the region have a very unfavorable situation in terms of the risk of a crisis. At the time of the crisis, the road of the center of the region can cripple the aid process completely.

Underground spaces have been used in residential, religious places and also for storage of goods because of their security and climate aspects for a long time. Furthermore nowadays because of the price of lands, shortage of spaces, especially in highly crowded cities, traffic and environmental problems, with different approach in transportations and infrastructures urban utilities basis are highly attracted. Aim of this paper is introduction of underground space, their dimensions and advantages. Underground development will be an excellent solution for problems and complementary contemporary urban requirements without destruction of culture heritage and damage of the environment. Underground development approach in this research has been done with historic, descriptive, analytical and case study research methods. The result of this paper shows: Underground space has basic and positive potentials in sustainability context. These potentials consist of temperature stability, sustainability in hard climate, stable in critical conditions and accidents, source of space; energy and etc. urban underground development approach can be used in solution of urban problems and upgrade their sustainability in big cities such as Tehran. The Urban Underground space development approach has many benefits for improving urban life quality.

Today, one of the most important parameters affecting the economic, social, urban development is competition, and competitiveness issue in the introduction and illustration of customer-friendly branding in global, national, and regional arenas. During this process, one of the challenges of urban management to increase efficiency by urban brand building is regarded as a solution to the urban development process. Therefore,method is descriptive-analytical and the purpose is applied. Data and information are collected through library studies, (the development document of Mashhad) and surveys. The statistical population is consisted of 40 experts and researchers related to the research topic. The results show that the location of the city of Mashhad in the competitive map from the point of view of the economic development parameter (Y-axis) with a score of 3.05 from 5 possible points in 2024 among its rivals is after Tehran, which with a score of 3/90 is in the highest position. Also, in the context of the social development parameter (Chart X), the city of Mashhad in the target year with a score of 2.90 out of the 5 possible points would have a lower position than Tehran with a score of 4.45, and Shiraz and Isfahan with the common score of 3.45. The most important macroeconomic variables affecting socio-economic development of Mashhad with respect to its competitive brand include international sanctions, rulers, and urban management in Mashhad, tensions between Iran and some Islamic countries of the region, and the existence of Atabat Aliat in neighboring countries (Iraq, Syria).

The famous cities are constantly trying to establish themselves as one of the new ideas for consolidating their place. One of these ideas is a creative city. By joining the Creative Cities Network, cities are struggling to boost their economic potential, and in pursuit of this growth, they have developed policies and strategies, one of which is city branding, since the city's main city branding mission is to contribute to the city's economic growth. The present research seeks to examine the role and effect of city branding on the realization of the concept of a creative city. The research is applied in terms of purpose, application and method of doing descriptive-analytical research. The results show a significant correlation between branding components and indicators of the creative city and adds and reinforces each other. Also, the results of urban areas ranking from the perspective of these components show that regions 5 and 1 are better than other regions, and given the fact that the title of the city is creative and not creative urban areas, therefore, the recommendation Urban management, in line with the balance of urban areas and the proper and equitable distribution of services, infrastructure, and ... to adopt appropriate policies and strategies.

SpThere are two general parts in the foundations of ilkhanate cities ‘Abwab-al-berr’ (Shanbe Qazan), Rab’e Rashidi and Soltanieh) including central core and the ‘shahrestan’ , which were constructed with a regular and pre-designed geometric appearance and essentially two perpendicular axes. One of the axes was the bazaar and the other axe was called ‘Mamer’ i.e. a path which led to the central core that was the religious zone in ‘Abwab-al-berr’ cities.Furthermore, the surrounding gardens in addition to the bulwark, had enclosed the outer limits of the city and formed them as city gardens.This article aims to explain the relation among principles of factors affecting the formation of ‘Abwab-al-berr’ cities foundation and to categorize the mentioned factors with the Carmona’s indicators.This historical research is based on precision in the context and tips of the historical texts using the content analysis method and with a contemporary approach to the analysis of the strategic principles of urban structure uses exploratory method.Although primary studies on reviewed ‘Abwab-al-berr’ cities represents differences like size, location and context, but a deeper analysis of indicators which form these cities, show us that considering philosophical approach and purpose of construction, All the three cities have similar principles with a unique goal and all of them are based on Islamic values and ‘waqf’ system. These principles, as spirit of the cities, beside physical features of the cities, lead the different spiritual and physical aspects of urban life.

the rapid increase of urbanization has made unavoidable changes in the cities, so Sustainability analysis in urban zones has always been one of the goals of urban managers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the indicators of sustainability in zone 1 of region 1 and zone 1 in region 2 of Mashhad. This research is operational in terms of purpose and has been done using descriptive-analytical method. The data collection is done by the library and document methods with a field survey. So, 30 sustainability indicators were weighed by using the views of 15 experts and also using the MACBETH technique in order to evaluating five dimensions of physical, environmental, institutional, economic and socio-cultural dimensions in the studied area. Based on paired comparisons, among the five dimensions, economic dimension is the most important dimension of sustainability. The results of the research indicate the physical, economic and socio-cultural sustainability of zone 1 of region 1 and physical sustainability of zone 1 of region 2. Totally, zone 1 of region 1 is relatively sustainable and zone 1 of region2 is evaluated unsustainable. Therefore, it can be concluded that only attention to physical and functional conditions is not enough and factors such as the economic situation also affect the sustainability of a zone. Considering that the economical dimension is more important than other dimensions, it is suggested that any planning mechanism for sustaining the studied areas in the first step should be based on the improvement of the economic indicators.