فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 33 (پاییز 1396)

Science of "Genealogy" was one of the branches of History and Historiography during the age of Jāhilīyah (age of ignorance) which has grown rapidly in the Islamic era. In this context, Hisham Kalbi (d. 204 AH. / 819 AD.), as the first author and editor of Genealogy, has a great contribution to the formation and prosperity of this science, with two important texts, the Jamharat Al-Ansab and Nasab Ma'ad wa-l-Yaman al-Kaybir, which had remained from him in this field and their characteristic feature is to refer to the descendants of all the Arab tribes. However, his books on Genealogy have not yet been taken into consideration by the researchers as required. Therefore, the issue of this article is to study and analyze Ibn Kalbi’s books on Genealogy in order to find out why he had gone beyond the predominant tradition and traced the linage of more tribes for producing the aforementioned texts during the first period of Abbasid era. The approach adopted in this analysis is a semantic approach in which the conversation between the text of Geologies with the writer (Hisham Kalbi) and the contexture of thought and culture of the text will be studied and examined. The results of this analysis indicate that Ibn Kalbi was influenced by the necessity of the need for Arab ethnicity for identifying themselves and produced these texts on Genealogy. He created prideful Arabic-Islamic identity for Arab nation in his texts through representing the Genealogy of Arab nation, using elements such as common historical past and :union: belief and selection of the Prophet from the heart of Arab nation.

Surgical science is one of the important aspects of traditional medicine in the Islamic period. By reviewing the compilations in the field of gynecology and obstetrics some common and well-documented principles can be traced that have been accepted by the majority of surgeons as the fixed rules. The extraction of these principles is the first issue and the examination of gynecological surgery techniques, is also the second issue of this study. The method of this study is descriptive-comparative with analysis of information. The results of this research confirm the hypothesis that surgeons have had a clear and distinct recognition of different types of women’s diseases during Islamic period. The primary principle was differential diagnosis. Surgical techniques included: cutting and splitting which used to treat genital diseases such as hemorrhoids, renal diseases such as bladder-stone, and delivery, such as bringing out the dead embryos and pairs. A variety of specialized tools, including intrauterine device, hooks and scalpels, were also used in these surgeries.

The history of new and scientific archaeological researches in Iran mainly dates back to the Qajar period. Although the history of European Oriental studies in Iran has exceeded the Qajar era, however, until the aforementioned period, scientific archeology in Iran did not have much meaning and European officials and Orientalists studies in Iran mainly focused on the identification of Iranian antiquities and few scientific archaeological excavations. The present study has analyzed the main issue of this research namely the circumstances of European Orientalists’ excavations and the development of antiquarian archeology in Iran during Qajar Era through a descriptive-analysis approach based on the most important works and records of travelers and Orientalists about the historical and ancient objects, antiques and archeological excavations in Iran. The findings of this study show that the European Orientalists played the main role in the initiation and expansion of archeological studies based on antiquarian detection, conversion of Iranian historical artifacts into commercial goods and the creation of a market for Iranian antiques and withdrawal of a large part of Iran's cultural and historical heritage to Europe and other countries in the world, during Qajar era.

With the relocation of the Fatimid caliphate to Egypt during the Islamic Middle ages, Iranian agents who were active in da'wa (invitation) organization as the religious rank of Dā'ī al-Du'āt and Hojjat (proof), started to promote and propagate inside and outside of the territory. Through scientific contribution in distribution and consolidating Fatimid’s religious and political power, Iranian dā'īas such as Hamid al-din Kermani, Al-Mu’ayyad Fid-din Shirazi and Nāsir Khusru played a significant role against opponents. The present study analyzes and explains the scientific contribution of Iranian agents through a descriptive-analytical method. It seems that Iranian dā'īas had explained the legitimacy of Fatimid Imams and rejected the views of opponents through scientific debates, teaching and writing.

There is a waqf document available in which part of the endowment is dedicated to the issue of repairing the old vault of Qur'an in Shiraz and the Qur'an manuscript in it, called the “Qur'an-e Hefdah Man”. Due to the complete destruction of vault during the first Pahlavi period and the lack of accurate documents and information about it, this document is of great importance and besides issues related to the tradition of waqf, reviewing it will be useful in folk culture and local history studies. Therefore, the aim of this article is study and recognition of historical and canonical aspects of the endowment for the repairment the vault of the Qur'an and the Qur'an-e Hefdah Man along with studying its outward appearance and reviewing its text. This article is written in historical-analysis approach based on gathering information in field research and library methods. The study of the content of this endowment shows that the endowment of Korābād was a small garden on the hillside of the mountain located in the western side of the vault of the Qur'an and the present area of the platform of the Khwaji Kermani’s tomb and the eastern Tekyeh. Due to the date of destruction of the old vault of Qur'an, it is most probably that the revenue of this endowment has never been used for the repairment of the vault of Qur'an and the Qur'an-e Hefdah Man. The verge of this endowment has disappeared during the landscaping of aforementioned monuments.

From the early beginning of his mission, the Prophet of Islam (pbuh) was ordered to introduce the God, who had come to his knowledge, to the pagans inhabited in Mecca and invite them to the monotheism and unitarianism. He knew that the racked intellectual and social structure of Mecca will create some difficulties in the way of his mission. In spite of the obstacle, which method was selected by the Prophet to confront pagans and how he could make a significant achievement? The findings of the present study which is on the descriptive-analysis method show that his policy for confronting pagans of Quraysh in Mecca and Medina was different. During the Meccan period, he tried to challenge the intellectual and theological system of the pagans and deny and reject polytheism through Islamic monotheism while in Medina he could challenge the political and religious identity of Meccan pagans after the revelation of verses of Jihad through the formation of new religio-political identity on the city-state of Medina and finally with the conquest of Mecca and the hegemony of monotheism discourse, he could prevail the unitarian thought in that city and made a brilliant achievement for himself.