نشریه دانش پژوهی تامل
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

The postmodern reaction against the modern thinking recognizes the fundamental role of spirituality in definition of identity and challenges the division of the people's life to private and public field or secular and holy. Futility, confusion and aimlessness are among the crises of the present time, and therefore, the wars, murder and suicide are spreading. The findings of the present research show that the above mentioned phenomena are the main factors of emergence of the new theosophies and the issue of religious pluralism.

Exaggeration is a deviation in religion and religiousness and the exaggerators has always been known as a dilemma in the Islamic culture. Exaggeration means going beyond the due measures, and the exaggerators are those who believe Imam Ali and the other Imams are gods. The ignorance and inordinate love by some naive Shi'as and desire of some leaders of the exaggerators to reaching wealth and power are among the motives of the exaggerators. By reference to the verses and the Hadiths and the positions taken by Ahl Al – Bait and also opposition of the Shi'a theologians and scholars to the exaggerators, the falseness of the belief can be proved. The great comprehensive Ziarat is full of the excellences of the Imams but no exaggeration is included in it. At the end, the idea of those who have reduced the position of the Imams to the pious Ulama and claimed that Shi'as attribute ultra-human characteristics to their Imams is critiqued.

The bases of Wahhabism thought was established by Ibn Taymiah and fortified by Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab and intelligence services of the colonialists especially the Britain, since the colonialists were seeking to create internal conflicts in the Islamic world and to achieve this aim, employed Wahhabism and the Takfirists. The present paper studies this problem. At first, the identity of the leader of Wahhabism, Al Saud and their connection and some of the crimes they have committed are studied. Then the last two sections discuss Wahhabism as a tool in the hands of colonialism which has inflicted many damages to the Islamic world by destroying the Islamic monuments and now works for the interests of Israel and the west.

The present paper studies and critiques the tendency of people to some recommended and getting away from the obligatory. Although the recommended edicts are important in Islam and there are many results and awards promised for them, but sometimes a recommended edict becomes so important for some people that replaces the obligatory ones. Furthermore, some so called religious practices are done with profusion, extravagance and luxuriousness contrary to the commands of Allah and the prophet, while many of the religious researchers and preachers do not pay attention to this kind of issue as they should. The present paper has studied the definition of obligatory (Wajib), the difference between obligatory and necessary, the definition of recommended (Mustahab), the types of obligatory, the importance of obligatory and recommended edicts in Islam and the causes of people's tendency to some of the Recommended edicts and getting away from the obligatory ones, and has propounded the issue as a fundamental problem in the Islamic societies.

The present paper is based on the following questions: What is the meaning of "Restoration"? What is "Restoration of Non"? Who have seen Restoration of Non, possible? And why? Who have seen it impossible? And why? After knowing the meaning of Restoration of Non, how can we solve the issue of resurrection? Two ideas of the theologians and philosophers about Restoration of Non and the issues that the theologians have propounded about Restoration of Non in physical resurrection are studied in the paper. The paper has tried to answer the above mentioned questions and explain what it has concluded from the study.

The greatness and superiority of any knowledge is based on greatness of its subject. According to this general criteria, "monotheism" is the most valuable knowledge. Therefore, knowledge as to the eternal reality is the beginning of any action and movement. The paths to this knowledge are as many as the number of the creatures. From the viewpoint of Islam and the Qur'an, although the faith of heart and mind is good, but certainty and finding is better. Therefore, we should use arguments for proving the existence of God that are convincing for the spirit of mankind. The present paper has studied the arguments proving the existence of Allah, emphasizing on the methods that have reasoning aspects, among which are the proofs of creation, necessity and possibility, the veracious and discipline. It can be said that Allamah Tabataba'ee's presentation is the best proof, and the method of the Qur'an and Sunnah is the most comprehensive one, since it has the advantages of all the other methods and is free of their defects.