فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 44 (بهار 1396)

Mahatma Gandhi is one of the greatest figures in the Islamic world scholars and thinkers, Gandhi thought this charismatic leader to take up a major role in awakening of religious, moral, social and political Indians play. In his insight and influence on the religious dimension of religion occupies a central position as the religious movements created by religions and traditions and lead to a strategy of independence was in India.
Dean looked at more Gandhian in practice and the experience was understandable And so one must practice religious and moral teachings of the religion and passes it to achieve depth.
In this paper, referring to the role of Islam in Gandhian thoughts, perceptions and point of view he expressed in Islam.
Also, some important aspects in the field of religion, religiosity, the fundamentals are also examined.

These days when we talk about the Shiite we generally mean those who follow imams or follow 12 imams. These 2 groups were formed in the beginning of criticizing and protest to the two major issues in Islam:  Islamic government and religious authority. These two creeds were changed drastically due to changes in government. In this article we are going to analyze the reasons of Shiite creed formation and the political and social position of Shiites in the Turksdynasty era. Without any doubt, the religious politics of Turks in accordance to Shiites played an important role in the formation of Muslims cultural and religious customs.

After the rise of Reza Shah and the formation of the first Pahlavi regime, principal codification of textbooks and synchronization of that with Pahlavi regime nationalism features    was agenda by the Ministry of Education in beginning this era. Accordingly, the Ministry of Education order to develop history textbooks offered some authors approved by the government and   the their books was  taught after reviewing Commission and after final approval of the Supreme Council of Education as the official history books in primary and secondary schools and in higher education at a later stage. Also , the first Pahlavi era nationalist index was found in  archaism ,  Iranian nationalism, patriotism and  Shah friendship effects , influenced on  both secondary and primary school history textbooks . Undoubtedly, the attitude style of the authors of the books in the selection of their demands was consistent with the objectives regime at the time. It is worth noting nation – building and nationalism concept of within the context of history textbook content of this period are  provided  in two positive aspect (Iranian descent, Iranian homeland, Iran's glorious greatness with  Archaism approach) and negative aspect  (Tazian  and Turanian ) in the present paper  these cases are investigated in detail.

One of the glorious historical eras in Iranian culture and civilisation, from the aspect of promoting art, is Sasanian era. The coastal areas of the Caspian Sea, especially Mazandaran , have always been where artworks emerged and countless examples of artworks are seen in different museums of Iran as well as outside Iran. The splendid art of Sasanian era has demonstrated the life and magnificence of kings. With a deep look at the artworks in this era, one can easily realise that the extensive use of shapes such as birds, animals, plants, gods, and mythological creatures (fantasy creatures) were depicted. By examination and investigation of the collected Sasanian artworks, a common feature among them catches one's eyes. That common feature is the similarity and harmony of decorated shapes in all these artworks especially reliefs, metal dishes, fabrics and stamps. This study aims at investigating the symbolic and mythological elements in the metalwork of Sasanian era by examining the shapes on the discovered metalwork in Mazandaran Province. This study is an attempt to answer the following question: What is the relationship among the mythological themes in Sasanian era based on the discovered shapes of their metalwork in Mazandaran Province.

The geographic location of Iran has been linked to various tribes across the territory of this land. That is why Iran has been described as the "road of events" or the four routes of incidents, and any event in Asia without exaggeration in the world passes through this passage of Iran, and Iran itself is influenced by other political, economic and cultural-social aspects of other ancient civilizations. And have had a profound effect on them that, until the present day, there are signs of this impact and effects in different societies. The political, economic, and cultural relations of Iranians with the Arabs during the Parthian era were vast and the role of small Arab-border states in this area was very impressive, so that this government acted as a bridge between commercial and economic relations. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to clarify the relationship between the Iranian and the Arab and the role of these princes

Perhaps this is many people’s question that “what has happened in Qajar era that about half of the country was lost?” and the smallest answer is that since the beginning of the nineteenth century, international longtime and powerful colonial appears in state apparatus and by using ignorance and tyranny of men who were king, and ambitious claims between the princes and rulers and influential people, expanded the power saving and competition and corruption and betrayal between these men and released anxiety and frustration and fear between population. Unhealthy relationship with aliens was the most important reason of detaching many parts of Iran in that era. This study that is an analytical - descriptive study based on library data collection, in addition to present the general items, tries to discrib the role of traitors in Qajar era in separating apart Iran.