فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 46 (پاییز 1396)

Architecture in any civilization reveals the manifestations of that civilization, and isseriously engaged with point of views, social conditions, societies growths, and growthof arts of any nation. This article focuses on architectural review of Achaemenian &Sassanids eras and introduces the architectural styles in these periods with benefittingfrom existing sources, and then, compares them.Palaces, castles and militaryfortifications, religious buildings, tombs, petroglyphs, inscriptions, and other existingtraces reveal that architecture indicates religious, economic, and cultural values andimperial greatness and strength. Achaemenes in architecture likewise politics acted onstruggling for organizing and stimulating of a great number of different tribes, races,and cultures.Achaemenid architecture was independent in design and principles and isconsidered as Persian style. With the fall of the Achaemenid Empire and dominance ofGreeks and then the rise of the Parthians, the architectural style was replaced with theParthian style that was different from that of Persian style in design, elements,decorations, Performance and even materials. Although the new style formed the basisof modern architecture of Sassanid era, due to the variety of designs and elements usedin the style, and also due to the lots of adaptations from the architecture of differentregions, it was rather a transitional stage and a series of experiences in which theinfluence of Achaemenid architecture is obvious. After the Parthians and their low levelGreek style, Iran's ancient civilization was again active in the country. Due to the littleimpact of Parthian architectural style on Sassanid architecture, we have ignored that ofParthians, and have discussed Sassanid architecture.With due attention to the extent ofAchaemenian & Sassanids kingdoms and existence of different cultures and nations,varieties on architectural styles of these two periods are obvious.In constructing ofvarious buildings, Sassanids in addition to this point that they were inspired fromformer periods, they took steps on growth and development of architecture and paidattention to the style and architecture of buildings and palaces as well as materials anddecorations used in those buildings that are considered in this article.

Imam Hasan Asgari (AS), in the short period of his imamate, was with threecontemporary Abbasid caliphs. They controlled the Prophet (s) from all sides. Theconditions that the Imams faced during the Abbasids led them to search for new meansof communication with members of their community. The functions of this institutionwere not limited to finance; it included also the guiding, communicative and politicalfunctions. The underground communications system (court of law) began in the era ofImamate of Imam Baqir (AS), and this organization continued to operate continuouslyin the era of Kobra's absence. This means that none of the imams in the age of the workof this institution was not shut down. The era leading up to the time of absence,especially the era of Imam Hasan Asgari (AS), is one of the most sensitive and mostimportant periods of this institution's activity. In this research, an attempt has been madeto investigate the structure and functioning of the lawyer's organization in the era ofImam Hassan Asgari (AS), and its role in strengthening it in a descriptive-analyticalway. The outcome of this research suggests that Imam Hasan Asgari was at the head ofthis organization Then Osman bin Umar served as a senior lawyer; and some of hismost prominent lawyers assisted as senior lawyer, representing different areas Finally,local lawyers in different Shiite cities and regions were placed at the base of thepyramid.

The historical course of the issue of "authenticity" is one of the issues that can be tracedback to other people by looking closely at it. One of these characters, who are givenincorrect ratios, is Suhrawardi, who has given him a degree of authenticity, the subjectof his wisdom. He defines light as its appearance, which is the symbol of slippery.Suhrawardi, based on what appears, addresses the discussion of the structure of truththat is directly known to us. The main purpose of the present research is to examine thesubstantive issue. It is known that Suhrawardi considered the originality of nature, butin fact the authentic nature of knowing Suhrawardi is a common misconception.Suhrawardi considers the absolute concept of nature and existence to be valid, but thetrue nature of the present, which has external effects, is real. Of course, at that timethere was no discussion of originality, and that which was raised from them, and it wasimportant that the concept of light and the concept of darkness were against it. He hasmade light the foundation of the universe. Or it is better to say that he has an antipersonal look, presence, consciousness, light, intuition, and these issues are original inthe system of illumination.

Constitutional Revolution (1324 AH), which is the result of people's awakening andstruggle against the tyranny of the Qajar era, is one of the most important historicalevents in Iran. Although the Constitutional Revolution did not begin in Gilan, however,the people of Gilan had a great role in advancing this revolution. Meanwhile, there weresome people without a military struggle and gun, with the pen tool and with thepublication of the newspaper in the fight against Despotism. The first newspaper thatwas published and published after the establishment of the constitution for servingconstitutionalists and constitutionalists and in the fight against autocracy in Rasht in1325 AH was the newspaper "Khairalkalam" with the management of an individualcalled "Afsah Al-Mutkelimin Amelishi". With the explanation and defense of theconcepts of freedom, independence, reverence for constitutionalism, the rights of thepeople, the law, and the willfulness of the landlord, the political, social and intellectualconditions governing the Guilan in the constitutional period have been explained anddefended, and the livelihoods of Guilan public opinion in this important period Is

Over the past two centuries, with the advent of modern issues of the West to Iran,political thought has undergone many changes in many other aspects of the Iraniansciences, and in many respects it has diverged from its earlier foundations and hasturned to some controversy over the past. Has introduced.One of the first debates discussed at the beginning of the introduction of moderndiscussions in Iran is the question of natural law. It should be noted that this discussionwas never considered by the intellectuals of Iran due to conflict with Shi'ijurisprudential compounds before the Qajar period. But in the early period, the Qajargovernment was considered as the starting point for the introduction of moderndiscussions into Iran by the Iranian intellectual movement, and they were discussing itin the light of their Western patterns in this regard.In this research, which has been written by historical method and review of previousdocuments, the author examines the issue of the emergence of modern understanding ofthe question of right in Iran and investigates the works of the first practitioners of thisdiscussion and its effects on the first thought Iranian intellectuals have been analyzed.

The purpose of this article is to explain how and origin of religious discourse andintellectual consensus on development is the Constitutional Revolution. Absolute rule ofpolitical and cultural traditionalism of the main reasons for the neglect of attention tothe reform and development of pro-reform forces were evaluated. So this objective, theforces of moderate religious discourse and intellectual consensus to change the absolutenature of the state and political structure adjustment and participation of representativesof the people. The findings, the political reform and traditionalism absolutist rulers ofthe reasons for their backwardness is evaluated. Political and constitutional modelimported stretch it to fit the expectations of Iranians, not society. As well as cultural,ethnic and historical circumstances of the period were not mentally prepared andimplemented rationally and objectively accepting new patterns also took place.Distribution of power and the role of people in their destiny, political and economicindependence, decolonization and their influence, access to components such asdevelopment, welfare, benefit from the achievements of the new consensus forstructural changes and objectification was constitutional discourse fans. It further trieswith descriptive - analytical and based on library studies and discourse analysis to theformation of national consensus and the fundamental causes and contexts that wererevolutionary movement pay.

Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (PBUH), himself and Ahlul-Bayt Rasul Akram (PBUH), refer tothe people about the caliphate and the province, and, in many cases, in the honorablebook of Nahj-ol-Balaghah, have been accused of usurping their rights. The glories andprotestations of Ali (as) can be identified with three important indicators of "politicalphilosophy", "political sociology" and "meritocracy." These attributes are along eachother, meaning that the stability of the state is the divine legitimacy of the leader.However, in the realization of the rule of law, the presence and selection of people isalso necessary. Considering the importance of the choice of the leader and the differentviews expressed in this regard in the Islamic discourse, a research has been done in thisregard. The findings of this paper, which are based on the descriptive-analytical methodand the library sources, indicate that the province of Islamic leaders is in fact a divinereligion; in other words, the Provincial is originally from that God, and he is theprovince for his own installation, Who is the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) and the infallibleImams (AS), and has been given over to the general assembly of the Prophet (s) duringthe time of the absence of the Prophet (s) to become a comprehensive jurisprudent.Legitimacy and democracy in Western political philosophy and Islam are both differentin nature and in terms of attitudes: in Islam, legitimacy is from God and popularity ispopular, and democracy is a method, but in Western political philosophy, the legitimacyof the same is acceptable. And democracy is worthy.

AbstractDuring the first chapter, the study and identification of the archaeological site of theAbyk county (including the northern districts of the Ziaran, eastern foothills, westernand eastern eastern parts) located in the southern highlands of central Alborz, twocastles, four Imamzadeh and five Historic baths were identified, which, given theclimatic conditions of the area, have certain architectural features. The study of themonuments identified in the project of the study and identification of the archaeologicalsite of the Abyk Mountains helps us to better understand the architectural features ofthis region, including the type of application, the method of construction and how to usevarious materials in buildings Type of decorating, type of materials used in constructionand ...helps. Meanwhile, we are familiar with the indigenous materials of the scope ofthe survey. Due to the logical orientation in the research process in this study, only thestudy of historical baths, the scope of the study and the introduction of these buildings,The style and materials used in the construction and identification of indigenousmaterials in the study area, so that the architecture of the bathrooms in the region can beobtained