فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 48 (بهار 1397)

The legitimacy and acceptance are modern and new words. Althoughthese words not used during ancient ages but its concepts had specialsignificance for the kings. The terms " admissibility or qualify " can bedescribed as the best alternative for concept of legitimacy duringancient times. The Achaemenid Empire, one of the largest empires inthe ancient world, ruling over ancient large urban centers of civilizedworld that had long history in the governing and managing, was muchmore than the Achamenians. The fact that the Achaemenids how wasable to satisfy the civilized nations under their reliance, and takelegitimacy for crown prince among other princes. Second matter is asimportant as first. These cases wasn’t studied before our research.Based on the study of the inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings, it wasfound that a complex set of factors played a role in this matter, such as:Divine Verdict, Descent, Positive Moral Characteristics, Intelligenceand Politics, Warrior Victory and Avoiding lying. These mostimportant factors lead that after war and military conquering otherregions, people accept victor kings as theirs, and obey the commandswithout military pressure or forces.Keywords: Achaemenid, legitimacy, inscription, descent

The occurrence of special events between the 7th and the 9th century AH, by somescholars, is evidence of the development of a dissident and arrogant thinking, which insome cases can be adapted to the events of European history during the period ofreligious reformation. The research goes on to ask: "What are the features of thedistinction and similarity of this socio-cultural phenomenon (especially during theIlkhani and Timurid periods) with its western model, and which causes of failure?"Research findings suggest that prejudice, lawlessness, sedition, and short-term thinkingin Iran have had a meaningful relationship with the inferiority of religious reform in thatland, and despite the efforts of some influential scholars such as Ibn Taymiyyah and FazlAllah Naimi has not come to an end. The research method in this study will be based ona deductive and adaptive analysis with a holistic view.

Sufism, which can be considered as the common point of all human religions and ritual, isa way to discover truth based on enthusiasm and illumination. There are differentperspectives on the origin and source of mysticism and Sufism. Some researchers believethat mysticism is an eclectic ritual that originates from different religions and beliefs. Inthis paper, while expressing a brief history of mysticism and Islamic Sufism, various viewson the origins of mysticism and Sufism have been presented.

With the fall of Bani Abbas's Caliphate by Holakoo who was the founder ofthe Ilkhanan dynasty, Baghdad played the rold of one of the capitals of this new dynastyuntil 736 H.L / 1335 A.D. In spite of first Ilkhanan's attention to Buddhism, religioustolerance and some other necessities, influenced the activity of followers of variousreligions in Baghdad. As one of the most significant effects can be mentioned toexpansion of Christian activities who were living in Baghdad – in Bani Abbas period –long before selecting Baghdad into the capital. It seems that Ilkhanan's behavior againstChristianity is more likely to be affected by political factors. Although, Popes andEuropean kings approached Mogul in order to weaken and destroy Islam of first, afterthe formation of the Ilkhani government, fight with countries which held Syria and theHoly Land was the common purpose that forced Ilkhanan to unite with Christians.Investigating the role of Ilkhanan's support of Christians and also providing evidence ofChristian life in Baghdad in Ilkhanan's period, is the main subject of this research named"The Status of Christians in Baghdad since the collapse of the Dar-Al-Khalafah". Basedon the findings of this study, the Christians of Baghdad, considered the Mogulgovernment as a great opportunity for show-off and power broking and they hated andtook rerange Muslims in Baghdad as far as they could.

Generally, crucial historical events were related to the controversial mysteriousassassinations since the birth of the modern Iranian political community inConstitutional era which the alien power centers’ efforts to hide the nature andcircumstances of their implementation through highly sectarian analyses which areaffected by hostile internal factions were more successful in hiding the files of theseassassinations than the curious minds’ efforts to understand them.The assassination of "Haj Ali Razm Ara", Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s PrimeMinister, during the national movement can be mentioned as one of these assassinationswhich had an unquestionable impact on the success of the oil nationalization, however,on the other hand it should be admitted that the transfer of the foreign power whichdominated the Country’s oil in political unrest and provocations architecture of publicopinion in the transfer of power and the decisive role of this assassination inundermining the national unity has been neglected. This study was an attempt to clarifythe ambiguities and a collection of thematic documents book, the memories of thepolitical figures of that era, and authentic books are used as the major and the minorresearch methods.

Official historiography texts in the Qajar period have changed due to political and socialchanges and connections with the West, and a familiarity with the historical works of theWest, and created new insights in historiography. During this period, two types ofhistoric studies with different approaches to the official historians Was used. Thebeginning of the Qajar period until the end of Muhammad Shah's period and the earlyperiod of the Nazarene period was more or less traditional in traditional historiography,and in the middle of the Nazari period, some changes were made in the history of history.Considering the necessity of the historiography of this period and the importance of thebooks written by the historians, this paper examines this Two types of officialhistoriography look at and answer the question: What differences can be observed in thehistoriography of this period?The method of this historical research is descriptive-analytic, based on library studiesand archival documents.

Leader, nation and expedient are three basic principles/elements in making anideal/desired society and each one from them in a way have a direct effect inthe success and decline of that society. Imam Hassan's society in words is asociety in which the lack of allegiance of the opposite front with the imam,with the presence of Imam's invitation to allegiance, results in making thegrounds for battles in that community and Imam to lay the preliminaries ofwar and combat/fight.Actions/steps like appointing commanders, specifying the military base and ...,from the Imam, this decision is stated; but different situations like dispute inthe intentions of the army of Imam to join with him in the battle, treachery ofthe noble classes, in words commanders, spreading rumours and weakeningthe spirit of the army of Imam..., which takes place in between, results inacceptance of unwanted peace treaty.This writing has studied and taken into account these reasons withcomparative and analytic study the conditions of community of Imam Hassanand grounds of peace treaty from the viewpoint of both the sects Shia andAhle Sunnah.

During both periods when Iran was attacked by Muslim Arabs and the Mongols,bureaucrats came to cooperate with the conquerors. Included in these were theBarmakids and the Joveini dynasties who could reach ministry under Abbasidand Ilkhanid caliphates. Bureaucracy used to be the trend in these two dynastiesand they were bureaucrats in previous in previous governments. These twodynasties could influence the Abbasid and Ilkhanid caliphates and steer themtowards Iranian culture and they could take steps to revive and restructureIranian culture. During their ministries, the Barmakids and the Joveini dynastiesconducted many development services including building mosques, schools andmansions. Also, they could reach a highly significant position in science andliterature. Not only did they write books by themselves but also many writersand scientists wrote their books under their names. Similarly, they patronizedmany poets and scientists. Although the Barmakids and Joveini dynastiesprovided many services, their power and influence produced rivals who set thestage for their fall. Barmakids and Joveini dynasties represent a specialbureaucrat group in Iranian society who left their name permanently in historyand time.