نشریه پژوهش هنر
پیاپی 16 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

The remaining works of Isa Bahadori, in different fields of traditional arts, shows the unique creativity and capability of this contemporary artist, especially in terms of designing carpets such as Setareh Daryaye. The purpose of this article is to study the elements and innovations in the design and patterns of this carpet and compare their relationship with elements in nature. Therefore, the main question of this research is about what and how the indicator elements of the carpet will be. This paper has been written through a descriptive-analytical method and the data has been collected based on written, oral and interview materials and writers' observations. The results of the studies indicate that the designs and patterns of the mentioned carpet are closely related to the elements of nature and they include mainly various sea creatures like fish, seaweed, snail, starfish, jellyfish, sea anemone, etc. created in terms of different elements and compositions, in an innovative and abstract mode, that are created beautifully based on the principles governing the traditional designing of the carpet and have turned this carpet into a unique and innovative example of carpet design.

The present study examines the creative techniques that a graphic designer can use them at various stages of creating commercial advertisement in order to have a more complete, effective, and acceptable affect on buyers, and realize the general purpose of advertising which is selling more products or services. Since the role of advertisement is bringing together buyer and seller in the business world. Therefore, it is not possible to design a complete commercial advertisement, without observing artistic and creative techniques. A designer gathers the necessary information from the audience and the product, and begins to generate an idea regarding how to apply the attractions and techniques of advertising and finally the considered media is determined for the advert and its elements are formatted in the media by observing aesthetics pronciples, after determining the purpose of advertising and budgeting. The question is that how can a designer use attractions and techniques in designing advertisement and coordinate it with the aesthetic criteria of a media? This descriptive-analytical study has been carried out by using library and observational methods. Among the works of Iranian and foreign designers, one work dating back to the contemporary decade is examined, and the way of using advertising techniques is investigated. The result of this research shows that the designer at first can be sure of his/her advertisement, by choosing approriate techniques, and observing the mentioned points in all phases of designing, determining purpose, budget, gathering information about product and buyer, ideation, choosing media, and artistic and technical layout of advertisement, since the made advert is scientific and then the designer can be sure of affecting his/her advertisement on considered audience as well

The most important factor in creating motifs in Turkmen carpet is the surrounding environment and the mentality of the Turkmen woman, including ram that has been considered as an effective factor in their lives. Ghouchak motif that comes from the Turkmen weavers' mentality regarding an animal in their surroundings is one of the most widely used designs that is seen in their lives. Ghouchak (horn of a ram) is a practical, religious and ritual symbol that is used not only in Turkmen carpets but also in other arts of this tribe such as gravestones, Namazlighs, jewelry and needlework. Therefore, this study tries to categorize the content (beliefs, customs of Ghouchak form among Turkmen people) and the structure (analyzing the Ghouchak form in Turkmen carpet). The statistical population of the present article consists of five carpets in sizes of 6 and 12 meters, and the sample size includes 30 Ghouchak motifs which are currently used in other Turkmen arts. This article that uses descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer this question: what are the content and structural principles of different types of Ghouchak motifs in Turkmen carpets? The results show that the content of Ghouchak motif emanates from Turkmen's mentality, with various interpretations such as courage, power, and fertility derived from it, which have been the interface of past generations and the present day.

One of the most important and widely-used motifs in Iranian carpets is the best-known “Herati” design, also known as “Mahi-dar-ham”, which has been the focus of attention in most weaving centers in decorating carpet fields. The sub-patterns of this design have been slightly modified to add variety to this design. Despite many intricate Islimi (Arabesque) and Khataiee (Tendrils) motis, Mahi-dar-ham is a simple vagire that covers the overall field of carpets. Up to the moment, different hypotheses have been proposed regarding its origin and its symbolic concepts. The present study deals with the general form of Mahi-dar-ham and its sub-patterns so as to provide its original pattern. Early investigations revealed that one of the knots in “Hasht” (The Eight) category known as “Hasht and Wavy Zohreh” composed of square sub-patterns could be considered as the origin of Mahi-dar-ham. Therefore, their components were compared and contrasted. The results show maximum correspondence and overlapping between Mahi-dar-ham and Hasht and Wavy Zohreh. This finding casts doubt over those hypotheses attributing the history of this sub-pattern to Pre-Islamic Era; thus, strengthening those hypotheses linking its development and extension to Islamic Era and Timurid Dynasty and probably the city of Herat. The elements of Mahi-dar-ham have been the subject of various alterations since the Qajar era to put it into new forms while avoiding too much repetition and invariability. The mysterious meaning and the symbolic concepts behind Mahi-dar-ham have always been the subject of researchers’ speculation from different perspectives.

Tourism industry, with declining immigration, job creation and rising production and income, has a special role in developing countries and has boosted the economy of many countries. Since the improvement and promotion of handicrafts is influential regarding tourism development, in this research the tourism development of native handicrafts and its position in rural tourism have been addressed. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between handicrafts and tourism development. The research question is that what are the effects of supporting factors, communication skill, and handicraft innovation factor on tourism development in Damghan County? This applied research uses descriptive-analytic method. There are two types of statistical society: the first group includes tourism industry experts, and the second group consists of tourists and travelers who have visited the handicrafts of villages in Damghan. The statistical sample includes graduate students and professors, handicrafts activists, managers and experts. By using Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 225 people and the reliability of the research was tested through Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. To test the hypotheses, multiple regression coefficient and Pearson coefficient were used, and the coefficient of variation was used to prioritize the indices. The results show that handicrafts play a very important role in improving and developing the tourism industry. There are positive and significant correlations between the supporting and communication skill indicators in handicrafts and rural tourism development. Supporting index with the largest share of the total variance is considered as the first priority, and the most important indicators in handicrafts tourism include paying loan and delay in repaying it, holding international exhibitions and entrepreneurship, respectively.

The quality of academic courses in universities is very effective in increasing the quality of workforce, productivity and entrepreneurship in society. The motivation behind this examination was to research the effect of industrial design courses and curriculum on entrepreneurship skills training of students and graduates. This descriptive-analytic study investigates the academic needs of students of industrial design major, comments and suggestions of professors in order to improve the quality of education and create entrepreneurship potential. The method of this study is quantitative and qualitative, and specialized interviews and researcher-made questionnaires are used to collect data. The main concepts to improve the quality of the educational course and create entrepreneurial skills are teaching innovation and creativity to design, familiarizing with the start-up and business concepts, and also the obstacles of entrepreneurship. The results indicate that the industrial design graduates' ability in starting new businesses, creating commercial innovations, and promoting the entrepreneurship share in the society can be improved by changing a part of academic curriculum of this major and paying attention to up to date issues of the country.

Decoration and ornamentation are inseparable parts of architecture in every culture and land. This subject has a valuable position in native art. In native art, it has a meaning and concept beyond the embellishment and external cover. This is the reflection of cultural concepts and symbols along the historical lines which is used not to the purpose of self-expression, but to express an inner conception. Architectural decorations that express themselves in different shapes in facades, entrances, and interior spaces, display their identity and value. Ornament cannot be separated from architecture; but, historical signs, social identities, and cultural values could be found far more than architecture.  Decorations and ornamentations in urban and rural houses of Gilan are remained valuable heritages which have not received notable attention so far. The purpose of this paper is to describe and compare the architectural ornaments in rural and urban houses of Gilan in order to identify the differences and similarities of their forms and contents and examine the impact of social, cultural and historical context as the involved factors in the decoration patterns. This research is conducted by using descriptive-analytic approach and comparative study has collected data through studying library documents and field observations. After analyzing and summarizing, the differences and similarities of the form, content (plant, human and animal patterns, and geometric shapes), and the location of ornament have been determined. The way of the influence of the lifestyle and native culture on decorations and also the artistic origin of decorative motifs are among the important research findings.