فصلنامه علوم خبری
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1397)

Le concept de l'Etat de droit a été forgé par la doctrine juridique allemande à partir de la seconde moitié du 19eme siècle. A la suite de la globalisation il fait désormais partie des valeurs prônées par les Etats démocratiques. Comportant de nombreux critères, la notion sus-citée n'a cessé d'évoluer au fil des années. Son effectivité a été rendu possible grâce au travail de nombreuses institutions et autorités comme par exemple le pouvoir législatif les juges etc… Il ne faut pas cependant pour sous-estimer le rôle joué par les medias libres, les chiens de garde de la démocratie, dans la consolidation de l'Etat de droit. En effet la révélation de l'affaire "Benalla" par le journal le Monde Durant l'été 2018 en passant par la Déclaration d'Accra rédigée au même moment par l'Unesco à l’occasion de la célébration de la journée internationale de la liberté de la presse placée sous le signe de "Medias, justice et état de droit : les contrepoids du pouvoir" sont là pour nous rappeler que les medias peuvent contribuer à renforcer de manière considérable l'Etat de droit. Clé mots: medias, Etat de droit, affaire "Benalla", Déclaration d'Accra, Unesco.

As one of the most important political events in each country, election is always of great importance for the people and also national and international media. The charm of election drives people to pursue the electoral programs and the news related to this event more seriously. This gives the media an opportunity to communicate with a wider audience community and through releasing the contents fits in policies, aims and ideologies of their owners, have the most impact on public opinion. Over the past few years and in line with the expansion of the internet, news websites have reached to a special place among audiences and became one of the most important news sources for getting news. This matter lies in several factors including quick and easy access, interactivity, low cost and fast release of the news. Hence, intelligent presence in this field can be very important for the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting and in particular Press TV news channel to compete with international competitors like BBC. The present study has scrutinized the way two websites Press TV and BBC- covered 12th Iranian presidential election. Quantitative content analysis is the method used in this research and the statistical society is all the news published by the two websites in the 20-Day period of candidates’ presidential campaign. A total of 62 news gathered and scrutinized. The results of the research indicates that the most frequent news orientation in Press TV website was related to the Positive orientation and the most frequent news orientation in BBC website was related to Negative Orientation. Reformers were also had the most frequency in target orientation in Press TV website and Principles and Supreme Leader had the most frequencies in BBC website. About process-oriented and event-oriented news; most of BBC website news were published in the form of processoriented and most of Press TV news were presented in the guise of event-oriented. The news published in the two websites were mostly based on Prominence news values. At last, among the news writing techniques, Refute was mostly used in Press TV website and to pretend neutrality was the most frequent new writing technique in BBC website.

The present paper analyzes the new population policies in the social sector of the three current Iranian daily newspapers including "Jam-Jam", “Vatan Emruz” and “Iran” during the period of 2014-2015. The research method is documentary study and it has been accomplished by Content Analysis Technique. A reverse questionnaire with 49 questions was used to measuring the variables. In total, 73 documents related to population policy were collected. The subjects were classified into several groups including: 24 interviews, 31 news, 19 analytical reports, 14 critiques and 7 headlines. Terms of news subscribers, except of contradiction and proximity item, Encompassing 61 items, reputation 2 items, freshness 19 items, 20 frequency items and attraction 1 item was observed. Of all the documents on the population matters, 7 from the source of senior officials, 5 from ministers, 57 from senior and middle managers, and 3 from experts and nothing from the general public are expressed. In terms of content, 35 items have a negative orientation and 35 items have a positive orientation towards population. In terms of population themes, there were 34 items on fertility, 13 items on marriage, 3 items on migration, and 2 items on divorce.

Ihe purpose of cinduvting this research is designing a model and explaining the press role in the sustainable development of the country that states the favorable managerial, structural, organizational and national model in the printed media in order to move forward the goals of social-economic, political and cultural sustainable development through highlighting a distinguished position for the press. The style of research in this thesis is integrated and through applying the qualitative and qualitative research methods and theough using the techniques and instruments of interview and questioner. The qualitative method starts by posint the sollowing questions: fundamentally is it possimle to implement the sustainable development goals ad plans in Iran? And in this relevance, on the basis of which model can the press take what role and purpose in the sustainable development field? In this research, the qualitative method has been implemented by applying the “in-depth interview technique” in order to answer the research questions with the presence of 17 statistical society peope, selected from among the jourmalisrs and the masters of communication sciences. After analyzing the interviewees approaches by applying the analytic induction the obtained qualitative data got analyzed and based on each question the qualitative charts got set. After that, the obtained qualitative data got analyzed through the quantitative method and by conducting the Survey method with a purposeful statistical society including the total counting of 93 people, from among the journalists of Keihan, Ettela’at, Qods and Hamshahri Newspapers by means of the descriptive and inferential methods. In order to open question, the “SPSS software” got explooted. This questioner got surveyed by 5 likert scale items. In order that, the quesrioner quwstions contain the favorable features such as objevtivity, performance simplicity, interpretation simplicity, validity and reliability, the krumbach alpha method got ecploted. Therefore”the Validity” got specified through surveying and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data of press role model on the country sustainable development, basically by emphasizing on the subjects of “God orientation”, “Quran orientation”, “being national” and “being native” of the model and also the mentioned validity got described through considering the effectiveness and sysle in volved it, including the social, cultural, economic, relational, political and psychological sysles as the infrastructures of the model. This model, in addition to emphasizing on the implementation of the sustainable development goal and the millennium in Iran, also it explained the press role in the country in the training, informing, and awareness providing and creating the participation culture for the people. In the domain of the city sustainable development, this model states the transformation of the simple press addressees such as residents of city margin region and city residents to the citizen of the civil society relying on the law and dominant over information related to the sustainable development. In the domain of the villages, in addition to the comprehensive emphasis on the information circulation and training, thie model indicates to the principles of the sustainable development and thw oals of the millennium in the world program. Economic, social, cultural and politival sustainable development.

This research is titled "The Relationship between Political Economy and Media in Iran". The purpose of this research is to identify some factors affecting the coverage of news coverage in national media. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students in the field of publishing and publishing of the University of Applied Sciences in Tehran, which had a total of 935 students, of which 163 were used as sample size using a simple random sampling method. In this research, a researchermade questionnaire was used to collect data. The results of the study showed that there is a meaningful relationship between the preferences of specific beneficiaries and the media coverage framework. There is a meaningful relationship between government regulations and the media coverage framework. There is a meaningful relationship between the economic inequality with rich influence within the framework of news coverage of media policy. There is a meaningful relationship between the preferences of media directors and the media coverage framework.

Light and Stage lighting have a significant role on the Persuading and attraction of Spectators. The purpose of this research is to identify the role of stage lighting on persuading theater spectators. In this research, qualitative methods were used to collect data while using a surveying method utilizing researcher-designed questionnaire for Statistical population. The questionnaires included questions with a choice of five answers according to Likert Scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree which has acquired Cronbach's alpha high correlation/ association coefficients. Questionnaires were distributed among 300 experts and masters in the field of light and lighting in theater and cinema using Snowball sampling in 1396. To analyze the obtained data, statistical methods such as Frequeny Table, Frequeny Percent, valid percent, Central tendency, Variability, Ordinal Variables test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Regression analysis with SPSS software were used. The results of model analysis indicated that in addition to completing and overlapping other parameters, with effects far beyond them, stage lighting transmits the message through light. It was also found that stage lighting could create persuasions in the context of excitement and the framework of psychology and perception of the Spectators. The use of Light Path in stage lighting, increases the amount of attention, perception, improvement and reception of the theater messages in the minds and beliefs of the Spectators.

The article discusses the sense of social security as one of the human’s essential needs in today's era that information and communication, seems to be one of its essential parts. According to some approaches, globalization and cultural globalization in general, is one of the factors that nowadays endangered social security. The statistical sample of this study is 191 students of Islamic Azad University of Semnan. The research sampling is disproportionate stratified sampling and its method, is survey - descriptive and data collection tools isa developed questionnaire. In this study, using Spss soft ware, data were analyzed in the form of both descriptive and explanatory. Results show that there is a meaning ful in verse relationship between amount (level)and background of using the Internet and sense of social security. The strength of this research is its newness and its importance in the today's communicative and network lives.

The main purpose of the educathional messages lslamic of lran broadcasting optimal pattern of water use among housewives Tehran. This method and instrument was a questionnaire survey. Population o f this research are house wives Tehran (2/412/818 individuals) The sample size based on a sample errorof5% and a maximum variance at 95%, That is 400people ,that in dividuals with cluster samp ling triple in 5chidren (reghon3 (north,4(east)5(west),6(center )and16(sout)stuied in Tehran were ran domly selected,so that the number of bloks in each region and in each block a number of Households and in house holds with a house wife inter views and questionnaires is Completed the correlation coefficients and statistical tests show that the dependent variable model (model water)with in dependent variables(knowledgehouse wives)(correlation coefficient-0/315) (the impact of Tlevisionsignals)(corration coefficient-0/635) (repeticipation of television signals)(correlation coefficient - 0/274),and (satis faction with the perfor manceof the tv culture of water efficiency) (correlation coefficient-0244) have inverserelationship. The correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and statistical analysis shows that the model (Modelwater) and the independent variable (familiaritywith Educational messeages television) there is no relationship(correlation corfficient0/095)