Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Research
Volume:5 Issue: 4, Autumn 2018

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a very common disorder in modern  societies. This disease is caused by disturbance in the masticatory system and joints, leading to various symptoms such as pain, reduced maximum mouth opening, deviation, deflection and joint clicking sound. The clicking sound, which is a kind of joint sound, is one of the most important  side effects of TMD. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking sound. Seventeen patients with TMD who had clicking sound were selected. The TENS unit was used for patients twice a week for ten sessions. The clicking sound in patients was recorded before and after the treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and McNemar’s test. The results of the study showed that the average values of joint sound in the pretest was 1.000, and decreased to 0.647 in the posttest and this decrease was statistically significant (p=0.031). TENS can be used as a therapeutic technique to reduce joint sounds. Keywords: Clicking sound; Joint sound; Tens; Temporomandibular disorder (Tmd).

Dentists suffer a massive burn out in their professional work because they are under extreme mental and physical pressure through their work.
Object: This study investigates to findthe dimensions of burnout such as emotional exhaustion depersonalization, and a low sense of personal fulfillment of dentists in Qazvin and its associated  factors to prevent and reducethis side effect. This cross sectional study used a maslach questionnaire among  103 generally dentists in Qazvin. The SPSS version 20 served for statistical analyses. Among the dentists 57.3% were men and mean age was 42 years. For emotional exhaustion  more than 60% of participants were in low conditionand about 14% had severe emotional  exhaustion. Majority of dentists in the study were in slight condition but 15.5% had severe depersonalization. None of the dentists studied was in difficulty in terms of job adequacy, and all of them had favorable job performance. Comparing the findings with similar researches, the burnout rate on Qazvin dentists is in favorable condition and even lower than other studies.

Bone grafting plays a pivotal role in reconstruction of atrophic ridge in dental implants.This study made a comparison of the efficacy of allogenic and autogenic (iliac) bone grafting using  the same technique (interpositional bone grafting) in increasing the mandibular anterior height. Ten partially edentulous patients who required vertical bone augmentation
of the anterior mandible (having a residual ridge with 10 to 12 mm) were randomly  allocated to autograft (iliac) and allograft groups. The heights of ridges were measured at three points (Right, Left, and Middle) using preoperative panoramic radiography three and six months  following grafting. The heights of ridges increased in all patients, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. This study indicated autograft and allograft had similar effects on vertical augmentation.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a multifactorial recurrent oral lesion;  which is an autoimmune disease. TH1 cytokines are the most important etiological factors. Autoimmune
thyroid disease (ATD) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases and generally  coexists with other autoimmune diseases. This study assessed the prevalence of thyroid disease in
patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. This case control study assessed 100 patients with RAS. Oral  medicine specialists diagnosed RAS clinically; venous blood samples were analyzed for thyroid  stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), total thyroxine (fT4), thyroglobulin, anti-  thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin antibody (anti-TG) levels. Fifty patients with RAS aged between 18-42 years (28.5±5.8) and 50 healthy volunteers  aged 19-45 years (27.3±5.4) participated. In RAS patients, fT3 and TSH levels were significantly
higher (P=0.031, P=0.706); however, fT4 level was lower in the RAS group (P=0.447). Anti TG and  anti-TPO levels were significantly higher in the RAS group (P=0.008, P=0.067). Our study showed that ATD prevalence was significantly higher in RAS patients.  Based on this study, we recommend assessment of thyroid hormones and antibodies in RAS patients.
Keywords: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis; Thyroid autoimmune disease; Thyroid hormone,  Thyroid antibodies.

Statement of Problem: TMJ disorder is counted as one of the most problem in dentistry  treatment with high prevalence. This disorder causes to pain. Since all of the structural defects do
not lead to pain, therefore in differential diagnosis of TMD, the signs and symptoms should be  considered. The purpose of this study is to inspect the effect of mandibular advancement on signs  and symptoms of the temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs). Because of various etiologies of
TMJ disorder, the researchers have not reached to agreement yet about the effect of orthognathic  surgery on TMJ. A prospective descriptive trail of 81 patients with the range age  between 19 and 31 years old with skeletal Cl II malocclusion that undergoes orthognathic surgery  is carried out. For this purpose, the numbers of the male and female were considered to be 26  (32.1%) and 55 (67.9%). The most common features of TMDs are including pain, limitation of mandibular movement and joint sound which are assessed at three times pre surgery, three and six
months post surgery. The incidence of TMDs at these three times is statistically analyzed by McNemar test.  It is noteworthy that 11.1 % of the patients had TMJ pain pre surgery which changed to 2.5 % in
duration of three months and 7.4 % after six months post surgery. The obtained results show that  incidence of TMJ pain is greatly reduced at three months post surgery in comparison with pre
surgery results (p=0.02). In addition, the average of maximum mouth opening is reported as 47.6,  32.4 and 40.1 (mm) before surgery, three and six months afterwards (significant difference). Click  disorder is reported 34.6% before surgery and 12.3% three months and 23.5% six months after  surgery which demonstrates the remarkable reduction at time of three months later (p=0.0001) and  six months after (p=0.004) in comparison with pre surgery. This study is also illustrated that although orthognathic surgery has no signifi- cantly effect on the limitation of maximum mouth opening, it causes to improve the TMJ pain and
temporomandibular click of patients with skeletal Cl II malocclusion.

Partial defects of the nose is considered one of the most difficult defects to be restored in the face.   This is largely due to the difficulty in camouflaging and hiding the edges of prostheses. The proper  configuration and selection of appropriate color is one of the most important criteria to receive  prostheses acceptance by the patient. In this clinical report we use RTV silicone material to make  nasal prosthesis for partial nasal defect in AML patient. The prosthesis was retained using anatomical undercuts and medical adhesives. 

One specific type of keratinized odontogenic cysts is orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst which is different from odontogenic keratocyst in clinical and pathological features completely. Also orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst can mimic typical characteristic clinicopathologic features of some other developmental odontogenic lesions such as dentigerous cyst and the odontogenic keratocyst,  there is no previous report based on transforming of dentigerous cyst to orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst. We described a case of orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst originated from a dentigerous  cyst in a 30-year-old female discovering accidentally in routine radiography.