فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 132، بهار 1398)

Drought is a natural feature of an area and in every region that occurs, it leads to economic, social and environmental losses. In this research, the Teleconnection patterns in drought occurrence in Qarh Qom basin has been investigated. In this regard, precipitation data of 30 rain gauge and synoptic stations as well as data on 32 numerical indexes of teleconnection from NOAA site during the 1987-2013 period were obtained. Initially, the standardized precipitation index data in the 9 to 48-month scale were classified by Factor Analysis and stations with similar behavior were identified in the study area. Then, the relationship between the average drought index of each area with each of the Teleconnection patterns was evaluated simultaneously and with a delay of 6 and 9 months through the correlation statistical method. The effects of Teleconnection patterns on drought vary in different zones. The Multivariate ENSO Index, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Southern Oscillation Index, Nino 3/4, 3 has the most significant correlation with the standardized precipitation index scales. Also, the correlation with 6-month delayed drought index indicated that four factors (total basin), drought index with nino 4 indexes, 3/4 and 3, multivariate ENSO, Madden Julian oscillation in regions 20, 70, 80, 100 degrees East direct relationship, and With East Pacific- North Pacific index, the southern oscillation and Madden Julian in the regions of 160 ° East, 120 ° and 40 ° West has a significant negative relationship. Four factors (total basin stations): The 9-month delayed drought index showed a significant negative correlation with the East Pacific- North Pacific index, southern oscillation and Mandden Julian fluctuations in the regions 120 and 40 degrees west, and with the Nino 3 indicator, the multivariate ENSO And the fluctuations of Madden Julian in the regions of 70, 80 and 100 degrees east has a significant direct relationship. The results of correlation analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between Teleconnection patterns and droughts in Qara Qom basin.

With the development of technology, time has become more limited to the presence of urban spaces and the experience of spaces and visual relations. This means that in the process of fitting the urban environment it is necessary to create spaces in which that, meanwhile in accordance with the needs of today, fit beyond the obvious qualities of space. In these spaces, we must try to close ties and encourage them to become more and more in the presence of communal spaces.The purpose of this research is to identify the needs and expectations of young people from urban space in general and temporary scenes in particular. In this research, based on the nature of the subject, qualitative research method has been used and it has been analyzed by grounded theory. The data collection tool was based on a standard open interview with 44 young people in Mashhad and analyzed by standard open source coding method. The results show that in order to be more youthful and considering the effect of causal conditions, one should focus on three main categories of participation, respect for youth and creativity in design. This is achieved through strategies such as national-artistic-religious events, the creation of special youth institutions, the creation of multipurpose temporary uses and the preservation of native and traditional events using nostalgic elements. Eventually, these strategies result in the presence of young people in the city, the development of temporary multi-purpose spaces, the formation of a new style of space in the form of temporary landscape scenes.

The faults and tectonic structures have a major impact on groundwater resources and they play more important role in these factors, which by creating a displacement in the sequence of layers, lead to creation of aquifers. Determination of the relationship between faults and groundwater resources can help to identify new water resources.The aim of this study is to investigate the Spatial Association between Faults and groundwater resources such as Qanats and wells quantitatively and numerically. In order to achieve this goal, the statistical weight of evidence method was used. Thus, by providing the quaternary fault layer and the position of Qanats and wells of the study area in the GIS environment, The 1 km buffers around the faults were extracted. In the next step, by performing the operation of overlaying of the Qanats and wells with the Faults layer, the coefficients of weights of evidence method were calculated. With respect to the changes in the weights and the obtained results, the greatest correlation between the wells and faults is within 1 km of the fault along and the most Spatial Association between the Qanats and faults is within 2 km of the faults along. According to the results, 65% of deep and semi-deep drilled wells in the Sirjan plain are affected by faults, while only 24% of the Qanats in this region are related to the faults. Therefore, by identifying the fault-related wells and Qanats, it is possible to manage the effects of faults activity and possible earthquakes on the discharge change of the wells and Qanats.

One of the most important incidents of heavy precipitation is that each year there are many damages. Precipitation regimes help to identify the climate of each region. A heavy precipitation regime can help in identifying the climate of each region. Identification of these regimes is one of the most important prerequisites for environmental planning, especially water resources management and land management Programs.In this research, Iran's heavy precipitation regime is planned for the period of 20 years (1996-2016). In this study, for the implementation of the PCA model, a 153 ×12 matrix was created. Then, from the types of rotations in the factor analysis, the Equamax period had the most appropriate load factor on the study stations. Therefore, the analysis showed that 6 factors explained about 89% of cumulative dispersion. The 8 regions of the diagnosis include: Caspian Sea (Caspian coastline), North Azarbaijan (Iranian and Azerbaijani border stations), Azerbaijani regime (stations from central and southern Azerbaijan), Southern Zagros regiment (Khuzestan plain and coastal strip and Persian Gulf shelters)., Mountainous region (mountains of western Iran and mountainous regions surrounding and dispersed in Khorasan), the Dry Central - East - South Coast regime (a large part of Iran), the Eastern Alborz regime (regions of northwest of Iran and stations of Golestan province), the middle Zagros regime The western part of Iran and dispersed in stations from northwest of Iran).

People interact with different places of the city as an environment that responds to their needs and activities, and at a higher level, they define and attach to their part of their dignity in relation to these places. The phrase "place dignity" is considered as one of the dimensions of people and place relationship which is less considered by architects, designers and planners. In this context, explaining the concept of place dignity and the process of forming the people-place Interaction and the effective factors for creating, strengthening and valuing these links in general and on a local scale, as the first step in achieving the main objective of the place dignity criteria in urban neighborhoods. This research is aimed at understanding the affecting factors in classification of place dignity. For this purpose, this article seeks to base its analysis on the basis of the foundation data theory on the basis of the review of the texts and documents related to this field, while presenting the definition of place dignity, studying its various dimensions, and classifying the causes and factors Involved in it, through three kindes of open, axial, and selective encoding. On this basis, after clarifying the concept of place dignity, over 70 theories of urban planners and designers were compared and extracted from the common conceptual model of research literature and 428 codes, 150 concepts and 14 categories was achieved. The results of this research showed that the place dignity model is identified by expressing 14 categories in 4 functional, perceptual, physical-enviromental and social dimensions, and finally, were presented as a conceptual and strategic framework.

One of the most important parts of Planning and management in arid areas is land evaluation surveys and determines the compatibility of the desired area for previously considered land use. The purpose of this research is to emphasize the importance and role of land suitability assessment classification as one of the main parts of management in this region. In this regard, study was conducted in Reagan located 130 km southeast of Bam and the border between two provinces of Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan. Field studies including site selection and drilling of 23 soil profiles and 160 soil sampling were conducted to attain above objective. Required thematic maps were prepared using auxiliaries’ data such as satellite imagery, geological and topographic maps, weather information, and laboratory analysis result from soil sampling. Two land utilization types included maize and sorghum which is interest to the inhabitants was selected to provide the residents' living and income. The results showed that the water quality of wells based on the Wilcox diagram is in two classes C4S3, C4S2. Therefore, it is unsuitable for irrigation with common methods. In the current situation, the degree of land suitability for the selected land utilization types is marginally suitable (S3) and temporarily non-suitable (N1) and permanently non-suitable (N2). However, the future land suitability and after the development of the construction, the degree of compliance of the environmental conditions (soil and land) with the needs of selected plants in some areas is enhanced or severely restricted and will be in moderately suitable (S2) and marginally suitable (S3). Finally, by implementing site selection survey and regarding the principles of arid areas management and using the new technologies beside traditional experiences, it is possible to help the development of these areas by preventing and eliminating environmental imbalances.

with the start of planning in the new form in rural areas, there is a conflict between the demand of villagers from below with the view of planners from the above that there is no normative view of issues and little attention to the environmental quality of development, that have influence on deepening the conflict. determining the dimensions of environmental quality in rural planning on the part of villagers and local experts, The main objectives of this article will lead to the satisfaction of residents and success of rural planners. In order to attract the participation of people in the process of conceptualizing environmental quality dimensions and optimal planning, the Sharyar village was selected from the Lordegan county. The research methodology is a qualitative method, especially the formation of collaborative workshops and purposeful interviews with rural participants. Therefore, 36 people from the Sharyar village and local managers were in the form of 6 organized workshops and people’s expectations of the concepts of environmental quality in rural planning in various items were determined. There were 202 items of environmental quality concepts and finally, items were ranked by workshops themselves in the framework of 5 dimensions,  1 Pencil and 44 index. In physical-physical dimensions, 48 items in the form of 9 indicators, in social-cultural dimensions, 46 items in the form of 10 indicators, in economic aspect, 42 items in the form of 8 indicators, in the environmental dimension of 35 items in the form of 8 indicators, and in the political-administrative dimension, 10 items in the form of 3 indicators Arranged. At the end of this dimension, in the form of a strategic area with 21 items and in the form of 6 indicators, the country's planning system is proposed to evaluate the environmental quality of rural areas.

Any kind of strategic planning is related to geographical space and organizational entities. Strategic planning determines the objectives of political management of space in accordance with its mission and through environmental studies to determine and implement more realistic goals. Political managers of geographical space at the township level in order to carry out their duties are bound to formulate strategic plans. What that makes the presentation of strategic plan necessary is derived of political management duties at the regional level to gaining for regional goals.
The general objective of this research is to presentation of strategic plan for political management of the geographical space of Islamshahr township. The minor objectives of the research include identifying the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Islamshahr township as well as designing the most appropriate strategies for managing the town ship.  This study is descriptive approach based on the nature and is applied developmental based on the goal. the interview and questionnaire instruments have been used in this study.Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique have been used for Weighing the internal and external factors. Also we have used (SWOT) matrix for presentation strategies. Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) have been used for evaluating strategies. study shows that the strategies for managing ISLAMSHAHR township should be defensive. These strategies include: 1- presentation legal mechanisms for migration and native population employment in townships economy.2- effective convergence and interaction between organizations for township integrated management 3- Conducting capital to the townships priorities and basic requirements, and prioritizing the townships inward development towards infrastructure development.4- Deepening the sustainable development attitude to preserve and revitalize the townships environment.5- Enhancing, equipping and organizing infrastructure networks, roads and urban facilities, creating a sustainable and safe environment against environmental hazards.

The present article introduces a model for distribution of the Chalcolithic sites in Houran located in the eastern part of Azerbaijan. The main aim of this research is to show how environmental and geographic factors could influence site selection and how it can determine a model for settlement pattern in a specific region. Hence, seventeen sites dated back to the Chalcolithic period (a date between sixth to fourth millennium BC) have been analyzed. The proposed model for site catchment as well as distribution pattern of human settlements in Hourand is based on the ArcGis software outputs, multi-variants statistical methods and digital geographic data. This research indicates also that environmental conditions played a major role in the selection of the region for habitation. To conclude, after analyzing the spatial distribution of the sites, it is clear that three geographic factors such as altitude, access to the main routes and water resources are the main environmental factors providing a convenient natural setting for human populations during the Chalcolithic period

Understanding geomorphological issues also depend strongly on the type of viewer's view. The habit of today is that what is seen can be taken as a whole and treated as a system, if what is considered entirely and the system is only part of a complex system that has played a role in the development of landforms, and even if it is a completely non-peripheral body. With this approach, first, with the knowledge of available research on geomorphological systems and the study of the strengths and weaknesses of the results of a systematic approach in geomorphology studies, the available resources in relation to science and philosophy of science were investigated and especially in relation to the evolution of science from modernity to postmodernity. Discussions on space analysis, especially in geography, have been reviewed. Finally, due to geomorphological studies in Iran over the last few decades, the combination of findings from the above sources has been analyzed and explained. It is true that human knowledge is always incomplete and imperfect and as the point of manifestation of human life has been revealed, the background to the emergence of many unknowns has been provided; but in the light of the same sciences, it is incomplete that man has succeeded in inventing and constructing a lot of things that have made life more accessible to him. usually, phenomena occur in geomorphic domains and they are found in geomorphologic basins. The best way to understand the general geomorphic events is to find the number of separate geomorphologic landscapes that operate on a certain part of the planet, to be chosen and put together in order to examine the effectiveness of their obvious and hidden layers in the development of landforms in a comprehensive and precise manner

The political economy of space studies the spatial patterns of capital, public goods, infrastructure, and how to adopt the necessary measures for the continuation of capital accumulation by political actors. Obviously, among different frames of political economy, the state-oriented approach seeks to study the role of actors and governing institutions in who distribution of public goods and services and policies for the continuation of capital accumulation and subsequent the rebuilt of space at the territorial level. The change of policies and the presence of new political actors in decision making and implementation their policies in the national scale will shape different patterns of space political economy. Within the framework of capitalism, study of spatial political economy often ignores the role of government and political changes and spatial changes increasingly explanted in unpolitical approaches. This paper discusses the hypothesis that meeting the basic needs of communities and how to benefit from scarce resources by social classes; without government it will not be possible. In this article, the government is considered an institution beyond trade ::union::s. In this regard, has been tried to study and explain the most important spatial structural symbols and functional processes of political economies constructed by the government on the national scale. This research is based on Trans - positivism approach, seeking to analyze the spatial dialectics in the distribution of public goods and the allocation of budget by government. Findings research reveals that spatial political economy in governmental approach studies the allocation of scarce resources and its spatial subsequent. In addition, within the capitalism ideology, the competition between social classes and trade ::union::s for access to public goods must be controlled and balanced by the government and government do it this duty by spatial planning. This includes protecting property rights, regulating how to allocate money by interest rates of credit facilities and providing the necessary physical infrastructure to sustain capital accumulation. this approach can explain comprehensively the changes of the spatial organization of the territory.

In today's competitive world, cities are increasingly concerned about their identity, image and value, In this regard, creating an environment favorable to attracting different classes of the ambitions of city managers and planners in each city. This can only be achieved what the city presents (identity), what is perceived (image) and its evaluation by its users (the evaluative image), and what makes a pleasant or unpleasant feeling to a place (meaning) To be interpreted.
The present study seeks to explore the components of the evaluative image and also in the case study (Bushehr city). Hence, recognizing the components of the image and how it functions and the process of shaping it in the minds of different people provides the basis for achieving this goal. The present study in terms of purpose is developmental and applied. And in terms of the nature and method is qualitative and exploratory research. The data collection method is a combination of library studies (theoretical) and field studies and surveys (interviews) based on semi-structured questionnaire with open questions. The research results indicate that the image is composed of two primary and secondary or supplementary components, that observer evaluates the environment by perceive it And this creates a comprehensive image. Case study showed that coastal strip, historical texture, Rishehr Park, and TV Park has a positive evaluation and Informal settlement, Sangi Street and Ashori Street has negative evaluation. The comprehensive image of Bushehr portrays a positive, safe and peaceful image.

The Quaternary period is considered as the interval of climatic oscillations (glacial and interglacial) coupled with tectonic episodes. Therefore, tectonics and climate have simultaneously governed the evolution of Quaternary alluvial fans. Unraveling the tectonic and climatic factors under varied depositional systems is therefore the fundamental issue in understanding the evolution of Quaternary fans. Quaternary alluvial fans of Meshkin Shahr depression, in northwest Iran and northern slopes of Sabalan are no exception.
The present study aims to the investigation of the role of tectonic and climatic factors of the Quaternary period on the geomorphological evolution of fans system of Meshkin Shahr depression. Such a study could be involved in spatial planning. To achieve this goal, First of all, using contour line, stream network and elevation points, the Digital Elevation Model was prepared as a base map in GIS.  Then the data needed to calculate geomorphic indices (river concavity, the semi-logarithmic profiles of the rivers and incision of the alluvial fans), drawings of maps (topography and river networks) and various profiles, were extracted. Geological logs are used to investigate sedimentary evidence. In addition, Arc Hydrow and Google Earth have been used to outlined and identified catchments and fans area. Most importantly, we have used extensively field observations most of all. The results of this study showed that tectonic activity and climatic changes of the Quaternary have played a decisive role in the formation and development of Meshkin Shahr depression fans system. Sabalan volcanically activity coupled with the rule of the glacial period or torrential rainfall in the Late Pleistocene era caused a mudflow (Lahar) periodically and deposits on the alluvial fans. In contrast, climatic conditions changes from the glacial period to the interglacial during the Holocene have caused the incision of the fan and basin systems.

Involvement crime is one of famous human crimes which it causes to hazard society and humans body, inancial security and studying mentioned subject have vital importance to reducing involvement crime and increasing society and individuals security. Investigation of involvement crime occurrence shows that, mentioned crime happen in special places and times. So, the aim of current research is recognition main times and spaces for involvement occurrence in Ardebil guilty person’s viewpoint. The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of research methodology, descriptive- analytical and collecting data in both documentary and field. Research statistical society include 111 persons with involvement crime which they are passing condemnation at Ardebil jail. In order to research data analysis; statistical tests were used in SPSS software framework (Chi-Square and Kramer’s); spatial statistical in Arc GIS software framework (Mean of the closest neighborhood, standard distribution deviation curve model, distribution central mean, Kernel congestion). Results show that most of involvements were happened during Spring season, especially May and May, first and weekend, especially noon. In spatial terms, more conflicts occur in marginal and worn out tissues, where their population density is high, And according to the output of the kernel density map, the dispersion of the conflicts follows a cluster pattern. and there is significant relationship between resident place and involvement occurrence place, So that most of the habitat and location of the conflict are related to the dense parts of the central and northwest of Ardabil city. At last we can say that, Ardebil involvements are happened in special place and time and also involvement crime occurrence has been effected by place and time factors.