نشریه شناخت اجتماعی
پیاپی 15 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Explaining the effect of cognitive ability on the social problem-solving skills through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with the mediating role of self-balance was the overarching goal of this study. The participants of study were 308 persons (188 female and 114 male). The participants were selected using the convenience sampling technique from the aircrew of Iran Air who were tested thereafter. To collect data, the following four questionnaires were used: Hardin’s Integrated Self-Discrepancy Index (ISDI), Social Problem Solving Inventory-revised short-form by D’Zurilla, and Nezu, and Baker’s Emotional Processing Scale. The results show that all the components of emotional processing with the components of adaptive problem solving are negatively correlated with the components of non-adaptive problem solving and are positively correlated with the significance level of 0.01. Also, the quadruple components of self- balance are correlated positively and correlated positively with the components of non-adaptive problem solving components negatively and at a significant level of 0.01. The use of confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS 18.0 and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (ML) showed that the measurement model was fitted with the collected data as desirable and all the indicators of the measurement model had the power to measure the variables. The structural model like the measurement model is fitted with the collected data. According to the results of this research, Training and upgrading cognitive ability lead to improvement of the problem-solving skills of flight operations personnel.

The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the Civic Moral Disengagement Scale (CMDS, 2009) among a group of Iranian students. In this correlational study, 364 students (192 male and 172 female) were selected from the undergraduate students of Shahid Beheshti University using available sampling method who responded to the Civic Moral Disengagement Scale-Farsi Version. To determine the internal validity and internal consistency of the scale, the confirmatory factor analysis and cronbach alpha formula were used respectively. The results of confirmatory factor analysis based AMOS software showed that multi-factor structure of Civic Moral Disengagement Scale-Farsi Version consisted of moral justification, euphemistic language, advantageous comparison, displacement of responsibility, diffusion of responsibility, distorting consequences, attribution of blame and dehumanization had good fit with data. Internal consistency for the moral justification, euphemistic language, advantageous comparison, displacement of responsibility, diffusion of responsibility, distorting consequences, attribution of blame and dehumanization was 0/88, 0/82 and 0/79 respectively. In sum, these findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the Civic Moral Disengagement Scale-Farsi Version as an instrument to measure the “Civic Moral Disengagement” among Iranian university students.

Examining the cognitive weaknesses of women receiving botulinum (Botox) as well as how to recognize different facial emotions with the premiere hand control by them can be an effective way to treat and improve their emotional recognition. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability to recognize facial emotional states with the premiere hand control in women receiving treatment of botulinum (Botox) and normal women. This is a causal-comparative study. The research population was all women receiving botulinum (Botox) who referred to beauty centers of Rasht in spring of 1397. Using available sampling method, two groups of 46 women who received Botox treatment and normal subjects participated in the study as samples. Ekman and Fraction's facial emotion recognition test and Chapman's Handedness Inventory were used as measurement instruments to determine the recognition of emotions (happiness, sadness, anger) of participants. The results were analyzed throgh SPSS-23 and descriptive statistics and covariance test. The results showed that the ability of the two groups to recognize the emotional states (happiness, sadness and anger) with the premiere hand control is not the same, and there is a significant difference between the two groups. The ability of women receiving botulin (Botox) to diagnose emotions (happiness, sadness and anger) is weaker than normal people.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-based training of hope enhancement in psychological distress of Payame Noor University students. The design of this study was Quasi-experimental involving pre-test and post-test with experimental and control groups. The sample of the study included 32 participants who were selected from the clients who referred the university counseling center through purposive sampling method with regard to the intended standards. Then, the sample was divided randomly into two groups i.e. one experimental and one control group, each consisting of 16 participants. In order to collect the data, clinical interview and Louinda’s (1995) DASS were used to measure the psychological distress of the participants. The experimental group received cognitive-based training of hope enhancement for eight sixty- minute sessions during four consecutive weeks, while the control group did not receive any treatment. The results of covariance analysis showed that the treatment was effective in reducing the overall psychological distress of the participants and in its three subscales in depression and anxiety subscales. This treatment develops desired qualities in individuals including a sense of optimism and trust in the individual himself/herself to achieve things through right efforts and in addition to reducing depression and anxiety in the individuals, it leads to purposeful actions.

The aim of the present study was to compare social recognition and Facial Emotion Recognition in patients with newly diagnosed and chronic schizophrenia. current study is a causal-comparative study. The statistical population of this study included all patients with hospitalized and outpatient schizophrenia referring to Fajr and Razi clinical centers and hospitals in Tabriz city in 2016. The sample consisted of 120 patients who were selected through available sampling. To collect data, Westen's social cognition scale and Ekman and Fareis's facial emotion recognition test were used. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between social cognition and facial emotion recognition in patients with newly diagnosed and chronic schizophrenia .Individual with chronic schizophrenia was better than newly diagnosed schizophrenia. These findings suggest that deficiencies in social cognition and facial affective recognition in newly diagnosed schizophrenia can be associated with inability and affect their social and occupational functioning.

The present study was fulfilled with the aim of Developing Model of Marital Stability based on Personality Characteristics and Perceived Stress Mediating by problem Solving styles. For so doing, 500 married women in Tehran City were selected by Loehlin (2004) using available sampling method. To measure the study variables, Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein, 1983), Marital Instability Index (Edwards, Johnson & Booth, 1987), the short form of NEO Personality Five- Factor Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985) and Problem- Solving Style (Cassidy & Long, 1996) were used. The study method was based on structural equation modeling Specifically, the regression equations. The findings showed that Personality Characteristics and Perceived Stress Mediating by problem Solving styles had a indirect effect on Marital Stability. The fit indices showed that the proposed model in the study has a good fit with the data gathered from married women And a close relationship with the theoretical assumptions.

Moral judgment is one of the subjects studied in social cognition. Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) is a recent theory in moral psychology which has an intercultural and intuitive approach to moral beliefs of people around the world. The current study is concerned with examining psychometric properties of a Persian version of the questionnaire associated with this theory, and comparing findings with available reports from the original version as well as other cultures. Data are provided by three studies on Iranian samples: Golkar (2016) and phases II and III of Nejat (2016), with 280, 314, and 180 participants respectively, who responded to Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ-30). Calculations of Cronbach alphas, as well as exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted and comparisons were made between genders in reliance on foundations. Cronbach alphas for care, fairness and loyalty were relatively low and generally lower than obedience and sanctity. Exploratory factor analysis has led to a three-factor solution in phase II of Nejat (2016), and two-factor solutions in Golkar (2016) and phase III of Nejat (2016). Fit of data to the correlated five-factor model was acceptable. Women scored higher than men in care, fairness, and sanctity. Psychometric properties of the Persian MFQ, though not perfect in some respects, were comparable to those reported by other cultures, and therefore seem to be mainly caused by the complex nature of morality itself. Observed gender differences were similar to international findings and thus supportive of the known-groups validity for this questionnaire.

Educational burnout is one of the most important problems in the educational system at all levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of respective negative thinking in relationship between the dimensions of time perspective and academic burnout. The method was descriptive and correlational using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all pre-university male students in Maybod city studying in the academic year of 2015-16. Among them, 261 samples were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected applying Zimbardo and Boyd's time perspective, Ehring et al.'s respective negative thinking and Berso's academic burnout questionnaires. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the negative last and present situation dimensions with intermediating respective negative thinking have a positive indirect effect on academic burnout. In addition, the positive last, pleasurable present and future dimensions with mediating respective negative thinking have negative indirect effect on academic burnout. These findings suggest that academic burnout will be decreased by changing the perspective of time and having positive thinking and sufficient resources for the purposeful thinking.

The present study was conducted with the aim at determining the interactive effecttiveness of selfregulated-metacognitive strategies and academic self-concept on educational resilience and positive academic emotions of secondary school students. The design of this semi-experimental research was pre-test and post-test with control group. The population of this study was Tabriz secondary school students. The statistical sample of this study was 60 students who were selected through a pilot study and a multi-stage cluster sampling.They then were assigned into two experimental and control groups by using a targeted substitution method. The experimental group participated in the training sessions for selfregulated-metacognitive strategies for 12 sessions and the control group did not receive any interventions. the training of metacognitive self-directed strategies led to significant improvement in the experimental group compared to control group in academic resilence and positive emotion, and also the interactive effect of teaching selfregulated-metacognitive strategies and self-concept on all components of academic resilience and positive emotional were significant. academic resilience and positive emotions can be increased by training metacognitive selfregulation strategies, as well as paying attention to the interactive and moderating role of self-concept. This research has implications for managers, teachers and school advisers who can use their results to improve student progress.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of choice theory training on the level of responsibility and hope in female students. The research was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test study with control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of 529 female students who were residing in university dormitory and studying at Islamic Azad University in Hamadan in 1395. The participants of study consisted of 30 students who were selected through random sampling. To collect data, the Gof's accountability questionnaire including 42 questions and the Ashnider's Hope questionnaire consisting of 12 items were used in this study. One-way covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and multiple variables (MANCOVA) were used to analyze the data through SPSS software. The results of covariance showed that there is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups (P