فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 32، تابستان 1398)

Attending the injured and victims of a disaster is a common use of relief buildings (fire stations and hospitals) that cross the mind. The function of relief buildings (fire department and hospital) is a reaction in order to reduce damages due to crisis; the issue which is dominant in perpetual and unpredictable crisis such earthquake and fire. . Therefore, this paper is focused on explain and analyze these relief buildings in order to reduce the damages caused by the crisis with a case study of first district hospital in Borujerd.  

This is an applied study using a descriptive and analytical method; the main purpose is to explain and analyze the relief buildings (hospitals) in order to reduce the damages caused by the crisis (Case study: first District Hospital in Borujerd province). Therefore, it was tried to determine 13 parameters which have the main role in reducing crisis, based on documents and current situation of hospital (architectural plans) from the functional point of view according to the previous studies in reducing damages caused by crisis. Then, the average status of these parameters considered through a single-sample T-test using the spss software. The parameters with the average value less than the theoretical average 3 is deleted. 

The average value of parameters in the function of the first district Hospital of Borujerd in order to reduce the crisis include: ability to add beds in the operating room and emergency room (4.07), considering hospital emergencies system, firefighting systems (4/00), Complete familiarity of fire department experts with the hospital environment (00/4), considering  the national rules and regulations of the hospital construction (93/3), the standard of the hospital in Iran is 1.6 beds per 1,000 population (3.87, The ability to use solar and wind energy in the case of electricity, water or gas failure (3.87), the rapid construction of hospitals in order to be up to date and available and in the case of unpredictable crises (3.80) Emergency staircase design (73/3), Strengthening and safety of the hospital structure against natural disasters (2.47), visualize the process of design and documentation the all phases of construction (2.33), location of ambulance (2.33), designing the urban networks for quick and easy access to relief (2.27), to establish arrangements for the opening of all exit doors after the offial hours of the hospital (20/2).

According to the findings, the results show that, among the 13 parameters, the obtained average number for the 8 parameters are more than 3 and 5 parameters are less than 3 (theoretical average); since the significant obtained level for these parameters is more than error level of α-0.05 (p <0.05), Therefore, it can be said that the single-sample T-test for observed averages of these parameters in not meaningful, so the 5 parameters are not confirmed and will eliminate.

Natural disasters have always endangered human lives. Flood is one of the most important natural disasters that impose many damages every year in different parts of Iran. This paper tries to study flood and characteristics of Can watershed in Tehran province. The main purpose of this paper is to consider the challenges of flood management in agriculture and provide appropriate strategies in order to flood risk management in Can watershed.

In this paper, using the GIS software, the flood return period of 5, 10, 25 and 50 years considering the agricultural land use in the watershed in north of Tehran will be studied. The risk level of 1 to 5 percent with an unimportant damage level, 5 to 10 percent with a low damage level, 10 to 15 percent with a moderate damage level, 15 to 20 percent with a high damage level, 20 to 25 percent with a very high damage level, and 25 to 30 percent with a destroying damage level was defined for Can watershed.

The results show that increasing the return period from 5 to 10, 25 and 50 will increase the damage in the basin. The 5-year and 10-year floods are expected a very low damage level; the 25 years flood is considered moderate damage level as well. Considering the destroying damage level, by the average 2.066 percent of lands, a 50 years flood is a moderate to destroying damage level.   

Considering the flood risk areas in order to flood risk management and development of watershed management plans, especially in agricultural lands in Can basin is necessary due to increasing the flood risk in recent decades in Can basin in Tehran.

The land subsidence is commonly associated with many risks. This phenomenon can cause substructure and natural damages, and ultimately leads to an increased risk in society and the economy. The most studies are focused on modeling and its techniques, except for two case studies in Tehran: the risk of subsidence phenomenon and the elements exposed to this risk which has not been specifically addressed. The risk assessment due to the phenomenon is necessary in order to preventive and preparedness measures. The purpose of this study is to identify the risks and the main elements within the subsidence area.

In this study, the subsidence area was determined according to the previous researches, and the main elements were identified; data were collected from the valid and documented sources and digitized in the GIS. The data include population and important population centers, important buildings and civil technical structures, transportation system, infrastructures and roots. The risk area map was prepared and then analyzed according to their risk rate. Field studies were used to consider the civil structures. 

The demographic risk assessment (main population centers) consideration and spotted, linear and areal physical risk in buildings and urban constructions such as roads, railways, subway lines, airports, civil technical structures, urban industries and facilities, roots  and associated facilities in this section indicate the high place of important elements in the subsidence area.

According to the digital data, 120 km of railroads, 25 km of subway lines, 2300 km of urban and suburbs roads, 21 bridges, 2 oil and fuel depots, about 44 petrol stations and 15 gas pump, 7 gas stations, 30 km of petroleum pipe, and more than 70 km of high voltage power lines, 5 districts of Tehran, 8 cities, 99 villages are located in this area. The population in the subsidence zone is 1793264 people and a large number of workers, educational, therapeutic and manufacture centers are located in this area.

Objective and Children, elderly and people with disabilities are mainly affected by damages in any accident or natural disasters. The people with disabilities are neglected in every phase of crisis management evidently. This negligence is more significant in emergencies, specially the need for rehabilitation of these people during 72 hours after earthquake.


In this paper, theoretical principals are present following studying the relevant library sources. Then, questionnaires based on experts’ point of views analyzed; a basic and practical model for rehabilitation of people with disabilities, elderly and injured in emergency after earthquake, based on discussed issues, was proposed. 


According to the analyzed questionnaires, the most important findings are as follow: traffic collisions are main cause of disabilities, physical disability is a basis for rehabilitation management model, positioning, new methods of warning and communication, mobile local rehabilitation teams leading by Physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists, the necessity of presence of the rehabilitation team during 72 hours after earthquake, training the first responders focused on preventing disabilities in earthquake injured.    


 The main result of this paper is presenting a comprehensive and practical model which involves necessary actions during different phases of crisis management especially in emergencies in order to reduce the injuries to people with disabilities and injured in earthquake.

Although the risk management and crisis management issues were discussed during recent years in scientific meetings, but still there is no proper planning to deal with natural disasters. The lack of systematic attitude to landslide phenomenon and also loss of predetermined plans for responsibility of the trusted organizations and lack of coordination between these organizations have made it difficult to achieve comprehensive management, which usually increases the consequences of natural disasters.

this revision study, based on the local and foreign scientific sources, as well as case studies on the various aspects of research in the subject of landslide phenomena in different parts of the world, presents the necessary considerations regarding comprehensive landslide risk management monitoring including decision making and activities to prevent, control and restoration in details. The comprehensive management can reduce the damages due to natural disasters significantly. 

The management tool and management method should generally consider in comprehensive landslide risk management monitoring. The slope parameter monitoring, stabilization and control may consider as management tool to prevent new development, eliminate or transform current development in high risk areas, financial supports and encouragement and regulating new developments in risk areas considered as management method.   

The studies show that in developed countries, in order to reduce the risk of landslide, preventive methods are more common than treatment methods and, consequently, the land use rules and guidelines and public education programs make the landslide risk management frameworks in these countries. But in developing countries such as Iran, therapeutic approaches are the basis of landslide risk management reduction program.

Increasing the vulnerability of cities leads to many damages and financial losses, this issue is more vulnerable in informal settlements due to the characteristics of the construction and formation of these settlements. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the role of physical indicators in decreasing the vulnerability of informal settlements against earthquakes with the approach of building rehabilitation in the area of Farahzad neighborhood of Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The present research is based on the purpose of applied research. The AHP model and the GIS system have been used to determine the degree of physical vulnerability. In order to assess the degree of physical vulnerability, seven criteria are considered (building life, building quality, separation area, passage width, number of floors, type of materials). In the next study, the degree of vulnerability of Farahzad neighborhood has been calculated based on each physical index. The results of this study show that over 49% of Farahzad neighborhood buildings are located in high vulnerability zones. Also, about 22 percent of the buildings in the area are located in a very vulnerable zone. The statistics show that the quake is very vulnerable to earthquakes and that basic measures should be taken in this area.

Background & Trees, as an influential element, have an important role in post disaster reconstruction in four aspects; they can be used as "temporary settlement materials", "reviving collective memories", "creating calm” and “motivation for reconstruction". In addition, as "living memorials”, they remind the disaster and indicate the necessity of preparedness and resilience of society against future disasters.
This paper studies the consequences and effects of the Bam reconstruction program on the palm groves in this city and also their success and empowering rate in playing their role. For this purpose, interviews were done to collect data and then analyzed by the grounded theory, qualitative method; the importance of palm groves role in Bam reconstruction was discussed. To analyze the data, organized set of methods in open, axial and selective coding phase were used.

The findings indicate that the urban reconstruction of Bam was mainly focused on the physical elements and, unfortunately, the palm groves as a part of natural identity elements were eliminated. Since the post disaster reconstruction is a comprehensive issue so it is necessary to revive the palm groves in Bam.  

This paper indicates that the palm groves have been neglected in post-earthquake reconstruction. Reconstruction planners should identify the vegetation in the affected area and their damages through the design and implementation of programs such as public gardens, palm groves reviving and making local parks which may create opportunities for people’s contribution and motivations to urban reconstruction which leads to promote social resilience against future disasters.