نشریه پژوهش سلامت
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، زمستان 1397)

Today, brands are a strategic requirement for organizations that help them create value for customers and create sustainable competitive advantage. Creating a strong brand on the market is the key to many organizations. Brand image is one of the factors that adds to brand strength and value. The purpose of this study was to explain the factors affecting brand image of Salman-e-Fars Bushehr Hospital with the role of special brand value intermediary.
The present study was applied in a descriptive and correlational manner. Data collectied via a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of patients in Salman-e Fars hospital. Data were collected in October 2013. A total of 385 questionnaires were randomly distributed among patients in Salman Fars city Hospital in Bushehr. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling with SPSS software.
The research findings showed that brand equity has a positive and significant effect on brand image of Salman Farsi Hospital. Brand awareness, brand trust, brand reputation, brand personality, commitment to relationship, customer satisfaction and brand loyalty have a positive and significant effect on brand equity of Salman-e Fars Hospital.
According to the findings of the study, the effect of brand awareness, brand trust, brand reputation, brand personality, commitment to relationship, customer satisfaction and brand loyalty on the increase of brand equity of the hospital and the subsequent creation of a positive image of the hospital, Hospitals can increase their marketing efforts by increasing the benefits of hospital patients and the independence of doctors to create brand image, brand loyalty, and brand equity.

The quality of construction and hotel accommodation in health centers is one of the things that affect the physical and mental state of the patient. Hotel services and poor quality structures can exacerbate behavioral disturbances and anxiety and ultimately reduce the pain tolerance of patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between pain tolerance and suffering of patients with different dimensions of hoteling and hospital structures.
This study was a descriptive-practical study. The population was randomly selected from 250 patients referred to Amir-Alam Hospital; Tehran/Iran. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was estimated to about 0.7. Finally, Spss software version 24 was used for data analysis.
The results of simultaneous regression analysis indicated that; between two variables of hospital structures and hoteling; only hoteling variable has been able to influence the pain and suffering of patients by about 21%. Also, between different dimensions of hoteling services, patient's rights has the most and economic and guidance dimensions have less relationships with the patients' pain suffering.
In order to increase the tolerance of the pain by hospitalized patients, it is necessary to emphasize on the patient's rights in hotel building planning and quality of the structure.

The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasing. The FEV3/FEV6 detector index has recently been introduced and it has shown to be effective in diagnosis of new cases of COPD. The present study assessed for first time the significance of this index in identifying COPD in Iranian patients.
In this cross-sectional study, patients suspected to COPD were evaluated after getting  informed consent. All patients were assessed with spirometry and body plethysmography and FEV1, FEV3, FEV6 and FVC indices were measured. Then, the subjects were classified into two groups of patients with or without COPD. Subjects with an FEV1/FVC > 70% were diagnosed with COPD and assigned to the first group, according to the criteria provided by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. In order to determine the efficacy of FEV3/FEV6, the index was measured for each subject, and was then compared with FEV1/FVC in terms of COPD diagnosis. The results were analyzed with independent t-test (for comparing parameters with normal distribution) and the Mann-Whitney test (for comparing parameters with abnormal distribution) in SPSS version 23.
A total of 50 patients were examined, 42 of whom were male and the remaining 8 were female. The mean age of the patients was measured to be 42.1±14 years. Having established  FEV1/FVC < 70% as a diagnostic criterion in spirometry, 5 patients with COPD were correctly diagnosed. Also, 34 patients were diagnosed with Body-Plethysmography with RV > 80%, TLC > 80%, and RV/TLC >120%. However, an FEV3/FEV6 value of less than 70% was not found to have any diagnostic value, hence, the index failed to correctly identify patients who had already been diagnosed with COPD.
The FEV3/FEV6 index was not found to have any diagnostic value for diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Although, the index has reported to be of positive diagnostic value in other countries, the same cannot be asserted for Iranian patients, as it was not confirmed in this study. Further evaluations may be needed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on social acceptability and bullying behavior in adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder among selected teenagers.
The present study was a semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and control group. The population of the study was all teenage boy injured in Khoy city (Iran) in 2016 which were sponsored by the Welfare Organization of Iran. 50 males were selected through available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental or control groups (N = 25). The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of emotional schema therapy, while the control group did not receive treatment. Both groups completed social acceptance and bullying behavior questionnaires before and after treatment sessions. To investigate the data, descriptive analysis and covariance analysis were used with respect to its assumptions.
Analysis of covariance of data showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in post-test and social acceptance and bullying behavior with control group (P = 0.01). The intervention also increased social acceptance scores and decreased bullying behavior in the experimental group (P = 0.01).
Emotional Schema Therapy seems to be an appropriate intervention for addressing social acceptability and bullying behavior in adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Given the wide-ranging effects of Gender Dysphoria Disorder on the social and mental performances, as well as the little awareness about this disorder in Iran, sometimes leads to inappropriate and irrational encounters with suffered peoples. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the difference in personality characteristics of people with Gender Dysphoria Disorder with healthy subjects using the Rorschach test.            
28 patients with Gender Dysphoria Disorder and 28 healthy subjects using available sampling method were selected and evaluated. Then, subjects were individually evaluated after selecting by Rorschach test; according to Axner's comprehensive system. Finally, the data were analyzed using t-test analyzing method in Spss-21 software.
The results showed that people with Gender Dysphoria Disorder and healthy people had a significant difference in some specific variables (YF, FT, F, FQo, FQu). So that; in some variables (M, YF, FT), Gender Dysphoria Disorder had higher scores, but in some other variables (F, FQo, FQu), healthy subjects had a higher scores.
In people with Gender Dysphoria Disorder, mental illness, feelings of helplessness, abandonment of life events, and an attempt to create a gap between themselves and the environment and the expression of inappropriate and suppressed excitement are more evident, which are directly related to the more incidence of depression and anxiety.

Life expectancy as an important indicator of health has a significant impact on social welfare, economic development and human capital. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting on life expectancy in Iran with emphasize on economic misery.
This study evaluated the long-term relationship between life expectancy, misery index, per capita public health expenditure, food production index, illiteracy rate and urbanization, by using time series data from 1981-2016. For this purpose; the Johansen co-integration test was used. Also, the statistical analyzing performed by using the Eviews9.0 software.
Based on the results of model estimation, the index of food production, per capita public health expenditure and urbanization, will increase the life expectancy in the long run and the misery index and illiteracy rate will reduce the life expectancy in the long term. A one-percent increase in the misery index reduces life expectancy by 0.27% in the long term.
Adopting appropriate policies to reduce the unemployment and inflation can help boost the life expectancy in the country.

Over the past decades, the growing incidence of obesity and non-communicable diseases has become a health problem in developed countries and, subsequently, in other countries. This has negative consequences for the health of society and imposes a large burden on the health system. Various strategies have been developed to deal with this health problem in the world. One of these strategies is packaged food packaging, or a restaurant menu that informs consumers about calories and nutritional content. This review study uses available resources to examine the role of food traffic lights in healthy food choices. The results of various studies indicate that tagging traffic signals are more effective in increasing healthy choices and reducing the selection of unsafe food because of easier understanding of consumer nutrition information and lack of complexity. It is suggested that health professionals improve their nutrition education and nutrition education programs in order to increase awareness and change in the behavior and nutritional function of people in order to reduce the risk factors of nutrition.

Diabetes and asthma are two of the most commonly chronic disorders in the world which imposes some degrees of anxiety to patients. The aim of this study was to compare the level of anxiety and the meaning of life between asthmatic and diabetic patients.  
The research method was causal-comparative. The population of study included of all asthmatic and diabetic patients referred to specialist physicians in Tehran city in 2016, among them 40 patients were selected for each groups of diabetes and asthma by available sampling method. The instruments used were Good and Good's Behavioral Anxiety Inventory (1974) and Styger, Frazier, Oishi, and Clare's (2006) Meaningful Life Questionnaire. Data analyzed via multivariate analysis of variance. 
There was a significant difference between the two groups of patients about to anxiety variables. Patients with asthma, in comparison with diabetic patients, had higher score in three variables as untidiness, lack of meaning of life, and lack of interest in the work. They also had significant difference in components of the meaning of life. That is, diabetic patients, in comparison with those with asthma, achieved higher mean scores in life variable.
Diabetic patients experience different levels of anxiety and the meaning of life than to asthmatic. Because they may have different mortality rates, diabetic patients are more likely to suffer higher levels of livelihood and meaning in their lives.