فصلنامه توسعه کارآفرینی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 43، بهار 1398)

Since most of the businesses face the organizational decline due to internal and environmental causes, the concept of turnaround strategies is one of the important concerns among business scholars and practitioners. Turnaround strategies are those which prepare the organization for facing the decline situation. Decline means, deterioration of organizations performance and resources in a specific period of time. In this article, we seek to explore different turnaround strategies among high-tech SMEs. We used a qualitative approach to address the articles main question. The sample was driven by high-tech SMEs which have experienced decline situation in their organizational life cycle. The survey data was gathered by depth interviews with 7 cases. The result shows that turnaround strategies can be divided into two main categories: Content-Oriented and Process Oriented. These strategies include Cost/Asset Retrenchment, Focusing on main activities, Growth and Recovery, Change in Organizational Structure and Change in Culture and Leadership.

Crowdfunding is a new way for entrepreneurs to fund-raise, implement, and promote their entrepreneurial ideas and projects, and gives them a means to collect their financial resources from crowd. This study attempts to identify drivers of using crowdfunding by entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. The data for this qualitative (thematic analysis) research were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 managers and experts with fundraising knowledge and experience from tourism/travel agencies in Tehran and experts from the tourism sector of the Cultural Heritage Organization. The snowball sampling technique was applied. The data were analyzed using open and axial coding. According to the results, drivers of using crowdfunding by the entrepreneurs were classified into six factors including the factors related to the capital seekers, to the capital providers, the platform, the projects and ideas, the method of crowdfunding and the context and environment. Furthermore, this study explored the dimensions of each crowdfunding driving factors that are discussed in this study.

This study aimed at integrated modeling of effective factors on failure and its consequences on entrepreneurs. This is an applied research and it analyses the effects of failure and its consequences based on data collected from university-based startups in Tehran. Therefore, the responses of 257 randomly selected academic entrepreneurs were collected by questionnaire, and using structural equation modeling method, the effect of each factor in failure and its consequences is extracted. In short, based on the results, weaknesses in the team were identified as the most important factor in the failure of entrepreneurship and then the incorrect strategies, wrong marketing, industry difficulty, weakness in product and financial factors were followed. Among the consequences of failure, the highest imposed cost was mental and then social and financial costs.

This research was aimed at identifying the founding team's exploratory skills on the progress of the business creation process. The method of this research was applied in terms of objective with a quantitative approach, survey method, and a closed-ended questionnaire tool from 210 founders in 101 teams of technology-based companies operating in Tehran's science and technology parks, and a hierarchical regression analysis method using Version 25 of SPSS software. The results show that the founder team's questioning and observing skills positively affect the progress of the business creation process. The test of the moderating effect of the idea novelty in the exploratory skills-progress of venture creation process link also suggests that the observatory skills are in particular important for the progress of the business creation when the idea of innovation is low. This provides valuable insights into a better understanding of the venture creation process.

This research considers the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge on entrepreneurial success with the mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness in fast food businesses in the city of Isfahan. This research is an applied research in respect to its purpose and correlational descriptive in respect to its methodology. The population of this study comprise of 1366 fast food businesses and by simple sampling and using Morgan table 297 businesses are selected. The instrument of data collection was the standard questionnaire that the reliability and validity of the questionnaire was approved and one questionnaire has been given to per business and it has been answered by the owner of business. For testing hypothesizes, the way of Partial Least Squares and SPSS software was used. The result of testing hypothesizes shows that entrepreneurial knowledge and all its dimensions have positive effect on entrepreneurial success. The mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness also is confirmed in effecting entrepreneurial knowledge on entrepreneurial success.

Conceptualizations of entrepreneurship phenomena as "New Venture Creation" explain it as an organizational phenomenon and more specifically, an organizing process. In this view, organizing is the coordination and establishment of routines, structures and systems; but there is no clear consensus on the answer to the question: what are those routines, structures and systems which must be organized by the entrepreneur? In this paper, using mixed method of research, ten activities which should be carried out to organize the new organization (preorganization) were identified. Moreover, the enhancement relations between these activities were clarified using interpretive structural modeling method and verified by path analysis quantitative method.

The purpose of this study wad to design strategic entrepreneural marketing model in building industry with exploratory hybrid approach in construction companies in the north of Iran (Golestan, Mazandaran, Guilan provinces). The present research is applied-developmental in terms of the purpose, and is explanatory regarding nature. In terms of collecting data, it is a descriptive-survey with exploratory blended approach in which the qualitative approach is base on theory of data base. In the qualitative part of the research, the participant team included academic experts and executives of construction companies in a non selective (targeted) way and a snowball method of 30 people. The statistical population in the quantitative part of the research included construction companies in the north of the country with grade 4 and 5. In the qualitative section, the collected data was analyzed using the Nvivo software and formulated in the form of conceptual data base model. In the model test, the research hypotheses were formulated and confirmed by factor analysis and path analysis methods using SPSS and PLS software. The results of the quantitative phase indicated that the causal conditions affecting strategic entrepreneurial marketing include communication capabilities, organizational capability, organizational strategy, management support and organization and organizational systems. Interventive conditions include interrelationship, environmental capability, corporate governance, and ground conditions include system thinking, using technology and organizational culture.

The key role of entrepreneurship and Startups in New Technology-Based Firms is clear in the process of economic growth and sustainable development of countries. As a general rule, the formation and proper operation of such businesses depends on the desirable performance of the basis titled Entrepreneurial Ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors in this ecosystem and their impact on the businesses; this is consistent with the implications of increasing economic and industrial development and creating various occupations in societies. The method of this research is based on the purpose of developmental theoretical and in terms of the method of data collection is Metasynthesis; also, the statistical community is researches related to the research topic in Scopus and Web of Science journals, and the data collection tool is secondary data studies In the process of this research, first, by using Metasynthesis, the dimensions and probable components of the ecosystem were identified, then by using experts' opinion, the results of this method were analyzed and verified. Based on the thesis’ results, consequently, 12 components - Policy makers, Higher education institutions and universities, Supporters, Markets, Organizational factors, Incubators, Accelerators, Investors, Institutions, Actors and stakeholders, Culture and society, and Individual factors - including 36 concepts in 3 dimensions of micro, meso and macro are presented.