فهرست مطالب

High Risk Behaviors & Addiction - Volume:8 Issue: 2, Jun 2019

International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction
Volume:8 Issue: 2, Jun 2019

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1398/04/08
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Mahdi Mahdavi Panah, Seyed Mahdi Lotfi * Page 1
    Context: This research article is about the role of educational teachings of religion in the prevention of high-risk social behaviors, based on Imam Sadeq’s (peace be upon him) biography and Hadiths considering the relationship between religion and high-risk behaviors. Evidence Acquisition:  In this research, using descriptive-analytical method, on one hand, the relationship between religion and high-risk behaviors in published articles, especially PubMed, has been considered and, on the other hand, by reviewing about twenty thousand narratives of biography and Hadiths of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him), the most important examples of high-risk behaviors referred by him are discussed.
    Results
    This survey emphasized the acquisition of religious teachings, the study and consideration on religion, familiarity with God, necessity of marriage, halal occupation, moderate behavior, meeting with friends and strengthening them, attention to food, planning, indirect notification, and appropriate punishment are some of the most important preventive educational teachings of high-risk behaviors in the speech and behavior of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him), which have been confirmed in various internal and external research.
    Conclusions
    The educational teachings of religion can make it possible for people in the society to tend less to exhibit social harms and, consequently, high-risk behavior, ensuring health for the individual, family, and finally, the society by establishing a constructive meanwhile, preventive role in everybody.
    Keywords: Health Risk Behaviors, Social Behavior Disorders, Teaching, Religion, Islam
  • Javid Dehghan Haghighi, Mohammad Jafarimodrek , Saeedeh Sohrabi , Hakim Azizi , Kareem Hatam Nahavandi * Page 2
    Background
    Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) attributed to Trichomonas vaginalis, an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite. Although trichomonacidal drugs effectively kill Trichomonas, the infection rate is still high.
    Objectives
    The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of T. vaginalis among women with high-risk behaviors in Zahedan, Southeast Iran.
    Patients and Methods
    In total, 90 symptomatic women, aged 20 to 60 years, were recruited between February and May 2017. The samples were smeared and cultured. After extracting DNA, the actin gene was amplified via nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
    Results
    Of the 90 samples including vaginal secretions and urine specimens, 23.3% (21/90) were positive for T. vaginalis based on wet mount microscopy. All wet mount positive samples were also T. vaginalis positive by PCR and cultivation. The highest prevalence of trichomoniasis was observed at the age of 31 to 40 years (38.09%). Trichomoniasis showed no significant difference by age groups (P > 0.05 on the chi-square test). Four PCR-positive samples were successfully analyzed by RFLP, which were associated with genotype E.
    Conclusions
    The current research reflected a high level of infection in women with high-risk behaviors in Zahedan, southeastern Iran. To clarify the epidemiology of disease in this area, more studies in other populations are required.
    Keywords: Iran, Prevalence, Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Maryam Lashkaripour , Susan Dartomi , Zahra Ghiasi *, Farzaneh Farajian Mashhadi , Narjes Sargolzaei Page 3
    Background
    Despite the therapeutic effects of methylphenidate, there are many reports of non-medical use, especially among students.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of non-medical use of methylphenidate among students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences.
    Patients and Methods
    In this descriptive-analytic (cross-sectional) study, 561 students were selected through the convenient sampling method from Zahedan University of Medical Sciences during the 2015 - 2016 academic year. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. Data were analyzed using descriptivestatistics, chi-square (2) with a significance levelof 0.05 by SPSS software version 21.
    Results
    Of 561 students studied in this research, 108 persons (19.3%) had a positive experience of non-medical use of methylphenidate, of which Occasional use was reported by 38 (6.8%) students and 3 (0.5%) students reported daily use. The highest rate of methylphenidate use was observed in medical assistants with a frequency of 37 persons (35.6%) and persons with more than 30 years old with a frequency of 32.5%. The frequency of non-medical use of methylphenidate in females is almost 2 times more than males (26.8% versus 14.1%), in students who live in their own homes (27.9%) was more, and the commonest cause of use was improving academic performance (13.9%).
    Conclusions
    According to the high frequency of non-medical use of methylphenidate in students, the probability of methylphenidate consumption may increase in the future. With regard to possible complications, including dependence and abuse, there is a serious need for intervention to reduce the non-medical use of methylphenidate and the identification and treatment of side effects.
    Keywords: Methylphenidate, Medical Students, Physician Assistants, Prescription Drug Misuse
  • Farideh Hamidi *, Salimeh Kheiran Page 4
    Background
    The cognitive behavior model of addiction forms the basis for relapse prevention, an intervention that attempts to describe, understand, prevent, and manage relapse in individuals who have received, or are receiving, treatment for substance use disorders.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) educational interventions to reduce some high-risk behaviors like aggression and craving in people with methamphetamine dependence in Kashan (a city of IR Iran).
    Patient and Methods
    The present research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest- posttest and a control group. Samples concluded 30 males and females with diagnosis of methamphetamine dependence based on DSM-5 criteria and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control groups each with 15 subjects. Two groups completed the Craving Beliefs questionnaire (CBQ) and Eysenck and Wilson’s Aggression questionnaire. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 1.5 hours, under the preventive training of MBRP and after the completion of the intervention sessions, the variables in the post-test stage were re-measured in two groups.
    Results
    Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance. Results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in two variables (P < 0.01). MBRP intervention decrease craving and aggression in clients as hard risk behaviors of methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Eta coefficients were 27% for craving and 53% for aggression.
    Conclusions
    Research indicated mindfulness training intervention as MBRP was effective for addicts to amphetamines. This method of prevention helped them increase their ability of coping with temptation and high-risk behaviors as the symptoms of the abortion.
    Keywords: Mindfulness, Health Risk Behaviors, Methamphetamine, Addiction
  • Behzad Rigi Kooteh *, Nour Mohammad Bakhshani, Masoud Nosratabadi , Behrooz Dolatshahi Page 5
    Background
    Craving is an important factor in predicting relapse in opioid-dependent patients.
    Objectives
    The aim of the present study was to determine which combination therapy, including emotion regulation training followed by tDCS or tDCS followed by emotion regulation training, is more effective in reducing current drug craving and drug-use thoughts and fantasies in opioid-dependent patients in Zahedan, Iran.
    Patient and Methods
    A quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and two intervention groups was conducted. From eight randomly-selected centers, asample of 28 patients was selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into two intervention groups. The first group received eight sessions of tDCS, followed by eight sessions of emotion regulation training. The second group received eight sessions of emotion regulation training followed by eight sessions of tDCS. The statistical population included all opioid-dependent patients at medium-term residential drug rehabilitation centers in Zahedan, Iran, in 2018 - 2019. The data were gathered using the personal drug use questionnaire, the desires for drug questionnaire (DDQ), and the drug use thoughts, fantasies, and temptations questionnaire. All analyses were performed using SPSS-16.
    Results
    The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that both sequences had a significant, long-term effect on the reduction of current drug craving and drug-use thoughts and fantasies in opioid-dependent patients. In addition, emotion regulation training followed by tDCS was more effective in reducing current drug craving and drug-use thoughts and fantasies than tDCS followed by emotion regulation training.
    Conclusions
    Combination therapy can significantly reduce drug craving in opioid-dependent patients and starting treatment with emotion regulation training followed by tDCS can lead to better results.
    Keywords: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Emotion, Craving, Opioid-Related Disorders
  • Fatemeh Mousavi, Parisa Shojaei *, Hasti Pourgholami Markeh Page 6
    Background
    Pharmaceutical cognitive enhancer misuse among college students is known as an unknown phenomenon in many countries.
    Objectives
    The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of cognitive enhancers and its effective factors in students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
    Methods
    This cross-sectional study was performed by analyzing a total sample of 579 students in the one of University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, Iran. It was told to students that fill the paper questionnaire, nameless, consist of 13 questions about drug usage’s prevalence to improve cognitive function and about the reasons and correlates in the course.
    Results
    There was a significant relationship between cognitive enhancer use and the age of respondents (P < 0.05). According to logistic regression analysis, there was significant relationship between knowing someone who had used, stress level and CE use (P < 0.05). Also, a significant difference was found between genders in terms of the motivation to use; so that female were trying to increase concentration.
    Conclusions
    Most of the medical students in this study used cognitive enhancers to improve their concentration for all quiz and assistant exams. Thus they are at risk of being addicted to these drugs.
    Keywords: Nootropic Agents (Cognitive enhancers), Iran, Medical, Students, Methylphenidate
  • Peyman Moradi *, Fahimeh Fathali Lavasani, Masoumeh Dejman Page 7
    Background
    Substance abuse has always been one of the major health concerns in Iran. Substance abuse during adolescence has a range of negative consequences for the individual. Earlier studies in Iran mainly focus on the epidemiology of substance abuse among adolescents and few studies have focused on its underlying factors.
    Objectives
    This study was aimed to explain the family factors underlying the development of a tendency for substance abuse among adolescents.
    Patients and Methods
    This is a qualitative study, and the conventional content analysis method was used. The participants consisted of 12 people who were selected using purposeful sampling method. They were the adolescents in Tehran Province Youth Detention Center in Iran with previous or current experience of substance abuse in the age range of 15 - 19 years old. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and the data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
    Results
    Four themes were obtained based on the research goal: Paternal role, maternal role, discipline methods, and family function. The paternal role consisted of three categories of insufficient paternity, passive paternity, and lack of paternity. The maternal role was comprised of incompetent maternity, and lack of maternity. The discipline methods were composed of three categories of punitive discipline, enhancing affection, and inadequate supervision. Finally, the family function referred to a blaming and unsupportive family.
    Conclusions
    Substance abuse prevention programs for vulnerable teenagers will have better outcomes by involving their parents, particularly their fathers. Also, it seems the mental health and addiction policymakers need to prioritizing family education as one of the most important substance abuse prevention strategies in vulnerable adolescents.
    Keywords: Adolescent, Substance-Related Disorders, Family Health, Rehabilitation Center
  • Mahnaz Solhi, Fardin Mehrabian, Sedighe Rastaghi, Esmaeil Fattahi * Page 8
    The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of types of smokeless tobacco use between students in the city of Chabahar. A total of 105 students were selected from the schools of Chabahar city. The sample size was calculated using the G*Power software. For a questionnaire by the test-retest exam for knowledge and attitude structures, the reliability of the test (Pearson correlation coefficient’s) was 98% and 94%. The Cronbach alpha of these structures was about 74%. The CVR for these structures was 93% for knowledge and 88% for the structure of the attitude. Data was analyzed using the SPSS16 software. In this study, 14 students (13%) had a history of previous use and 48 students (45.7%) reported having had tobacco use at least once, 30 days before studying. The Pearson Correlation Test indicated a significant relationship between smokeless tobacco use with the family number (-0.224), mother's literacy (0.219), and father’s literacy (0.224). The number of smokeless tobacco users who had consumed at least once in the last month of the study were Pan 26 (24.8%), Gutkah 9 (8.6%), and Biti 5 (4.8%). The results of the study show that the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in students around the city of Chabahar is high.
    Keywords: Knowledge, Attitudes, Tobacco, Smokeless