نشریه اکوفیتو شیمی گیاهان دارویی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، بهار 1398)

In the domestication process of medicinal plants, evaluation of qualitative and quantitative changes of active ingredients is necessary after transfer from natural habitat to field conditions. Thymus daenensis Celak is an endemic vulnerable medicinal plants of Iran, which become especially important due to high essential oil content. In this study, essential oil quantity and quality of three ecotypes from Hamedan, Markazi and Lorestan provinces were evaluated under natural habitat and field conditions. Aerial parts of plants in natural habitat and field were harvested in full bloom stage and their essential oils were obtained by water distillation method using Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results indicated that essential oil content of the ecotypes was significantly different in natural habitat, but this difference was not significant in field. Essential oil of Hamedan province ecotype in field was more than natural habitat, but in two others ecotypes, essential oil content in natural habitat was greater than field conditions. Essential oil components in all ecotypes were almost same in both natural habitat and field, but there were differences in dominant components and their amount in natural habitat and field conditions. Finally, the highest content of essential oil (5 %) and thymol (75.45 %) were observed in Markazi and Lorestan ecotypes under natural habitat, respectively. As the results indicated, essential oil content and thymol of Thymus daenensis Celak was strongly influenced by habitat conditions and therefore study and determine the most appropriate secondary culture medium is necessary for domestication of this plant

To study the effects of drought stress and Abscisic Acid (ABA) on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), an experiment was conducted in a factorial based on a completely randomized design at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2017. The treatments included four levels of drought stress (55, 70, 85, and 100 F.C) and the foliar application of abscisic acid (0, 10, 20 and 30 ppm). At flowering stage, growth characteristics and morphology including stem diameter, fresh, and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry weight of root, stem height, root length, leaf area, leaf number, seed number, flower number, total weight of seeds, number sub branch, sub-branch diameter, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content of root, antioxidant activity, amounts of proline, soluble sugars of root and abscisic acid of leaf were evaluated. ing the amount of leaf abscisic acid, number of branches and total sugars. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that water stress has negative effects on plant growth and spraying of the abscisic acid improves some traits in drought stress.

The effects of applications of fulvic acid and amino acid on biochemical characteristics of coriander were evaluated under field conditions. Treatments were tow levels of amino acid (0 and 3 per thousand) and three levels of fulvic acid (0, 5 and 10 kg ha-1). The experiment was designed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research station of Faculty of Agriculture University of Birjand. The results showed that fulvic acid had significant effect on biochemical characteristics (antioxidant activity, flavonoids phenol, anthocyanin, carbohydrate, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid), so that the highest of antioxidant activity (77.9 %) was obtained from with application of 10 kg/ ha fulvic acid and the lowest antioxidant activity (65.1 %) was observed from control treatment. Amino acid also affected the antioxidant activity, flavonoids, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content. The highest of flavonoids (8.13 mg/g) was obtained with application of 3 per thousand of amino acid. The results of interactions showed that fulvic acid and amino acid had significant effect on antioxidant activity, flavonoids, anthocyanin, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll, so that, the highest of anthocyanin (1.84 mg/g) were obtained by with application of 3 per thousand of amino acid and 5kg ha-1 fulvic acid and the lowest of anthocyanin (0.87 mg/g) was observed from control treatment. In general, the results indicated a positive effect of fulvic acid and amino acid on the biochemical traits of coriander.

Inflammation and oxidative related disorders consist the most important public health threating diseases. This study investigates the fatty acid and sterol contents of E. caucasicum and C. platycarpos, which are part of the nutrition culture of the Caspian region. Their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials are also tested with regard to preparing supplemental foods. The fatty acid and sterol contents are quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC MS), and are identified by comparison to standard components. All fractions were tested for free radical scavenging properties with respect to 1, 1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), phosphomolybdenum, 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid radical cation(ABTS), cupric ion reducing activity (CUPRAC), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and metal chelating activity on ferrous ions methods. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity of the fatty acid and sterol fractions of E. caucasicum and C. platycarpos were assayed by the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. The total oil content of these plants was 18.21% and 7.39%, respectively, with E. caucasicum yielding a higher percentage of oil. Stigmastanol (21.35%) and β-sitosterol (12.19%) constituted the predominant sterols in E. caucasicum and C. platycarpos, respectively.

The Zizyphus jujuba Mill from Rhamnaceae family is a laxative, a blood purifier, and a nerves relaxant. The study was performed to evaluate the morphological traits and the phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid compounds of Ziziphus jujuba Mill's ecotypes to achieve superior ecotype. 14 Ziziphus jujuba Mill's ecotypes from collection of ACECR in Southern Khorasan which had been obtained from flower and leaves in flowering stage and from fruit in fructifying stage, from different regions, in spring 2017. The Total amount of tannin and phenolic compounds were determined by Makar method the total amount of flavonoid was obtained using a high performance liquid chromatography apparatus. Grouping the ecotypes was carried out based on morphological and phytochemical traits, through cluster analysis. And correlation of quantitative traits was performed by Pearson method. The results showed that flavonoids yield had a significant positive correlation with fruit's length and width and length/width ratio. Phenol yield had a significant positive correlation with fruit's length and width. And tannin yield showed a significant positive correlation with phenol. The results of variance analysis, morphological traits including leaf's length and width and length/width ratio, fruit's length and width and length/width ratio, and thousand-seed weight showed a variety of germplasms of Ziziphus jujuba Mill in Iran. In terms of morphological traits, the coarse ecotype had the maximum effective ingredient. showed a statistically significant difference in phytochemicals. Based on cluster analysis, 14 ecotypes were divided into two separate groups. The evaluation of morphological and phytochemical traits among ecotypes a high variation.

Marrubium genus belongs to the family Lamiaceae which is one of the precious genara native to Iran. Phytochemical studies upon Marrubium spp. are so limited so we decided to study four species of genus Marrubium native to Iran. The aerial parts of four Marrubium spp. (M. crassidens, M. persicum, M. propinquum, and M. parviflorum) were collected during their flowering stages from Varzeghan and Marand provinces from Azarbaijan, Iran in 1395. Dried plant materials were solvent extracted separately with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol via maceration method. Afterwards, the antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated through scavenging the free DPPH radicals. Besides, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were verified based on colorimetric relative techniques. The antioxidant evaluation established the lowest RC50 of 11.1μg/mL for the 40% Sep-Pak fraction of the M. crassidens methanol extract. Moreover, petroleum ether extracts revealed no antioxidant activity. The most total phenolics and flavonoids content of the extracts were for M. crassidens methanol extract with 512.6 mg gallic acid equivalent and 212.7 mg quercetin equivalent both in 100 g dried plant material. In the study, presence of phenollics and flavonoids in different levels alongside prominent antioxidant activities were detected for the four Marrubium spp. native to East Azerbaijan. Overall, M. crassidens possessed higher phenolic and flavonoid contents resulting in superior antioxidant activity compared to other three species.

Plants are rich sources of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins) in the most important natural antioxidants. Dietary antioxidants to protect the body against stress and health are important oxiddative. This study was designed to investigate the quality and quantity of phenolic compounds and antioxidant milkweed plants as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants has been done. After preparing the methanolic extract, the phenol concentration was measured by spectrophotometry and finally, the antioxidant activity of the extract was measured using radical 2 and 2-diphenyl-1-picaril hydrazil (DPPH) method. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS software and the means by Duncan's test at P> 0/05 were compared. The results obtained showed that the phenolic The results showed that, the phenolic and antioxidant compounds in leaf were more than other organs and so higher the Bam region than Jiroft region. The results were the same applies to fruit. But the flowers and sap (latex) more phenolic compounds found in Jiroft native milkweed. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of leaf sap compared with 2/5 times. Latex (sap) Milkweed in Bam and Jiroft region Compared with organs (leaves, flowers, fruits) had the lowest total phenolic compounds. The results of this study medicinal plant milkweed and antioxidant phenolic compounds as natural antioxidants and can be used in pharmaceutical and food industry.

The identification of various bioactive compounds, high phenolic content and high antioxidant activity in extracts of Conocarpus erectus reveals the potential application of this plant as a natural source of antioxidant with the capability of synthesizing nanoparticles for medicine. The aim of this study was to examine the phytochemical compounds in the leaves and flowers of Conocarpus erectus L. and to determine the phenolic content and antioxidant properties of these extracts. Conocarpus erectus L leaves and flowers were extracted utilizing the Soxhlet and Maceration extraction methods. Phytochemical compounds present in plant extracts were analyzed by the use of gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The amount of phenolic content and antioxidant activity in leaf and flower extracts were determined, and the gold and silver nanoparticles were synthesized using these extracts. Additionally the diameter of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized using extracts of the leaves and flowers were measured. 19 chemical compounds were identified that were mainly in methanolic extracts of leaves prepared by Soxhlet extraction. Steroids were detected in both extracts The amount of phenolic compounds was high. In this study, the extract of flower obtained by Soxhlet method had the highest phenolic compounds. Of the plant extracts evaluated, the extracts obtained by the Soxhlet method had the lowest IC50 and thus the highest antioxidant capacity. Extracts were also utilized in the preparation of nanoparticles of gold and silver.