نشریه پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 80، بهار و تابستان 1398)

The present research attempts to provide a possibility of bridging the gap between science and art by bringing to light the recent manifestations of science-art interaction in theatre and dramatizing the world of science thematically and formally.The purpose of the present thesis is to excavate the epistemological implications of ‘chaos’ in one of the plays by Tom Stoppard,Arcadia(1993) meticulously through the mediums of language, form, structure and content. Stoppard,by applying the very implications of ‘chaos’ and ‘entropy’in the science play,Arcadia, and by the depiction of reality as a game or spectacle, the destabilization of identity and the inability of language to offer security of meaning, and questioning and dismantling of the individual self, which leaves the text as an epistemological inquiry into how meaning is constructed.Yet, Stoppard sees ‘chaos’ aesthetically,hence he adjusts his vision to see ‘chaos’ as a place of opportunities,a location of interactive disorder generating new orders- then not necessarily be synonymous with randomness, rather it is a source of energy out of which change,creativity,and hope have sprung.

Grotesqe is one of the most affective theoretical object for browbeathing problem’s contemporary world. Approximately, Grotesqe is a fictional and aerial object, because many objects immingle in it and you can see abnormalcy, singularity, laugh, abhorrence plus hallucination. Grotesqe had concerned in art and literature consciously or unconsciously, but in lately century, it has concerned in modern literature especially in story.Grotesqe had concerned in art and literature consciously or unconsciously, but in lately century, it has concerned in modern literature especially in story Therefor in this article, the most important ingredients of Grotesqe in Harry Potter have studies by Tomson’s theorys and with descriptive and analytic style and documentary and library method. Harry Potter’s critical study shows this story is a kind of Grotesqe according Kiser’s attitude, because there are basic Grotesqe’s ingredient in it. Propensity to this style in this story is owing to boredom contemporary homosapiens that it has erupted in to huff with noumenon and using surrealism and irrational images.

Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs Thea analysis of representation of social history in the historical novel based on George Lukacs

Marie Ndiaye is one of the most famous women writers of French contemporary literature who portrayed the image of fantastic literature in a present-day context. Her novels contain fantasy, the themes of sorcery and the uncanny. Her writing is a mix of fantasy and reality of everyday life which causes a strange feeling in the reader. Self-Portrait in Green is one of her novels that, with a complex structure , evokes that strange feeling in the mind, a feeling that Freud called "uncanny" and explained it in an article of the same name. In this article, we will examine the content of the novel Self-Portrait in Green from the point of view of fantastic literature and analyze the elements of Ndiaye's narrative writing that are in harmony with fantastic literature. In this story, Ndiaye used the concept of uncanny to portray the strange femininity of female characters and show how gender structures and social norms, initially considered natural, gradually become an unpleasant problem and create a sense of strangeness.

Macha Louis Rosenthal (1917-1996) for the first time introduced the term Confessional Poetry in his study on Robert Lowell’s Life Studies (1959), a volume of poetry. Among the most significant properties of Confessional Poetry are the outcry of inner feelings and emotions, depicting hidden desires and aspirations, revealing personal and family privacies, presenting particular real names of people and places, using simple and lucid language, Verisimilitude, and finally attracting reader’s confidence toward the text and its atmosphere. Such motifs can be traced in many Persian modern poets such as Sohrab Sepehri (1928-1980). Sepehri’s »The Sound of Water’s Steps« and Robert Lowell’s »My Last Afternoon with Uncle Devereux Winslow« are two typical pieces of confessional poems which are discussed and reviewed in this article. Hence, by comparing and presenting details of confessions in their two selected poems, this research attempts to unfold their anxieties as modern poets and to clarify their mental stream of confessions.

In many areas of social communication occurred in particular time and place, two group of the "reference" and "other" are raised which interact against each other. From the Landowski perspective, semioticians of French society, there are four different identity trajectories which he interpreted as "different styles of life" and in each of these styles, other groups, according to central norm-oriented group have a certain trajectory: Snob, Dundee, chameleons and bear show otherness shapes that each of them exhibit certain behavior to norm-oriented reference group. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyzing the behavioral practices in dealing with the existence of the world, phenomena and elements around, people and various social media in the discourse letters of Nima to show the presence of Nima in the world and in connection therewith, as well as differences in approaches and perspectives with others in that field. From this way his life and aspects of his identity and personality is revealed.

Comparative study of the character element in Tawfiq al-Hakim's ahd alshaytan and Goethe's Faust Abstract: Comparative Literature is the study of interaction of literature in different languages. And an adaptation of the most important subjects of comparative literature. Tawfiq al-Hakim the great Egyptian Artist and author and Goethe's put the main content of their story to Anthropology. In this paper by Analytical method, Compared the influence Characters of Tawfiq al-Hakim's ahd alshaytan by Characters of Goethe's Faust. Tawfiq al-Hakim in story of ahd alshaytan be affected by Goethe's Faust and tells human conflict by reality and truth. Then design hypothesis and depicting the consequences of conglict. It is interesting to know that however that the Tawfiq al-Hakim's characters have been influenced by Goethe's characters, but Tawfiq al-Hakim could bring changes to this characters and create new characters in Arabic literature. Key words: Comparative Literature, Tawfiq al-Hakim, Goethe, ahd alshaytan, Faust.

Ahmad Shâmlu is considered as the founder of the “White poetry” in Persian literature. A wide range of themes are treated in his poetry, from love and woman to liberty and egalitarianism, as well as death and existential issues. Charles Baudelaire is not only known to be the pioneer of a school called “Decadence” but also a forerunner of Symbolism in French poetry. The principal themes used in his works are city and urban life, woman and love, death and spleen, liberty and modernity. Despite a hundred years dividing Shâmlu and Baudelaire, we could still search some similarities between their works and personalities. In this paper we will try to study some examples of these essential topics. Besides that, we shall try to point out to the resemblances and the differences between the conceptual approaches of the Iranian and the French poet in regards to these themes. The method used in this research is a thematic one, borrowed from the approach of Philippe Chardin in his article “Thématique comparatiste” (1989).

This article focuses on diverse front covers of Sasson’s Princess: A True Story of Life behind the Veil in Saudi Arabia (1992) and tries through the visual-social semiotics of Kress and Leeuwen and postcolonial perspective of Whitlock to elaborate how images, especially book covers, have recently been deployed in the west to disseminate the neo-orientalist ideology in the last decade. To this end, two front covers of different editions of Sasson’s best-selling book, Princess, has been studied to discuss the ways the Western political discourse has altered the images of oriental women, used on the front covers, to further diverse ideologies. It is argued that with the change of the Western political discourse after 9/11 the covers of books like Sasson’s have also altered to suit the neo-orientalist, Islamophobic leanings in the West. Such changes not only foreground the old notions of “Western women/Oriental women,” “the self/the other” but also “represent” the West’s intervention in the Orient more as a humanitarian, feministic move than military aggression.

Krapp's personality in Krapp's Last Tape. is one of the characters of Theater of Absurd. He scolds his past in each current stage of his life.Not only doesn't he believe in himself, but he also doesn't believe in life, and he contends that he feels happy to have gone past his youth years.Krapp's personality has been scrutinized by two main concepts in existentialism: "bad faith" and "leap of faith". In this essay we have mentioned the lack of faith in Krapp and that living in dark is his own preference, the reason to this preference According to Sartre is "bad faith" which he has introduced in Being and Nothingness. According to these two concepts from Sartre and Kierkegaard, Self-knowledge and faith are the only ways out of this fiasco.As long as the person is lying to himself, he is covering his consciousness. Also with faith in Kierkegaard's philosophy the individual won't lose morale and would even strengthen his potentials against difficulties and absurdities of life.

In his plays, Edward Bond studies the prevalent violence in society as a consequence of the development of aggressive capitalism, economic and political institutions and institutional surveillance. In his The Under Room, Bond stages a dystopia within which surveillance and capitalistic administrations have devastated the social communication, and terrorism have impinged on the citizens’ lives. In the play, panopticism and surveillance are conveyed by informational technologies and data control. Therefore, in this research the themes of post-panopticism, liquid surveillance, and terrorism are studied in The Under Room. To meet such objective the concept of biopower, the binary opposition of multitude/people and the socio-cultural impulses of terrorism are put forth by utilizing Foucault, Baudrillard and Hardt-Negiri’s ideas. In a nutshell, the researcher concludes that post-panopticism and liquid surveillance are the governmental authoritarian means which result in the development of aggression and terroristic retaliations in the symbolic society of The Under Room.

Morisson's Beloved is the story of sixty million black slaves who died under the hegemony of the dominant discourse of white bourgeoise ideology. Black characters remember their past according to the picture in their minds and then attempt to re-construct it in a new light. Thus, the grand narrative - in Lyotards' words - of white people of America is under constant challenges from the black little narrative. On the other hand, Mikhail Bakhtine's theory of dialogism and polyphonic novels state the same thing. In some novels - those of Dostovesky's, for example - the different and opposing voices in the novels are put together in a linear position with the voice of the author just next to them. In other words, each character will construct his/her own narrative and thus undermines the dominant discourse or the Grand Narrative. Thus, the aim of this essay is to compare the mentioned theories and then apply them to the novel.

The present study examines Mikhail Bakhtin’s carnivalesque-grotesque realism in Sylvia Plath’s poem “Metaphors” and shows how this technique can divert the reader from the socially constructed idealism and provide a different view and expression of reality. In “Metaphors”, Plath creates grotesque images and places them in a carnivalesque atmosphere to degrade the ideal image of a pregnant mother and let the reader hear the voice of the pregnant mother as the other. Plath’s humorous and different expression creates a carnivalesque atmosphere in which objects and creatures turn around the concept of pregnancy and the pregnant mother's body, degrade the image of ‘ideal pregnancy’, and replace it with the reality of what the pregnant mother experiences. This essay, through the carnivalesque-grotesque realism that Plath uses as a defensive technique against the dominant and idealistic language, demonstrates how much feminine writing can enrich human experiance and perception of realities. It also shows how adimrable Path’s courage and clarity are.

The main issue, in this article, is the analysis of Akhavan’s “Epigraph” based on Michael Riffaterr’s semiotic theory. According to Michael Riffaterr’s semiotic theory, the reading of poems includes two stages: an exploratory (Heuristic) and a reading-oriented (Retroactive) stage. The first stage involves the search for meaning and the second stage considers the implications of language. In research based on semiotics of poetry, Akhavan’s “Epigraph” will be checked on reading-oriented (Retroactive) stage. This stage considers its implications of language. This approach in reading the text may explain the relationship between covert and internal accumulation of elements and systems in the text. This then brings the critic to the Hypogram and ultimately leads to the perception of these issues and uncovers the poems structural matrix. It is assumed that can be reached second reading in Akhavan’s “Epigraph” and ungrammatical elements, the accumulation, descriptive systems and the structural matrix of Akhavan’s “Epigraph” can be revealed.